up 2.3.6

Fix
https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/issues/6140
2026-10-29 22:49:23 +00:00 · 2026-08-29 18:11:06 +08:00 · 2026-08-29 18:10:03 +08:00 · 2026-08-29 18:09:50 +08:00 · 2026-08-29 16:06:28 +08:00 · 2026-08-29 16:03:57 +08:00
346 changed files with 25672 additions and 16965 deletions
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# Agent-guide adapter
+
+Before starting any repository task, open and follow the repository-root `AGENTS.md`.
+That guide defines the scoped `AGENTS.md` files that must also be opened before editing
+their paths. Treat the root and applicable scoped guides as mandatory. Do not duplicate
+or replace their rules in this file.
@@ -10,37 +10,40 @@ on:
    branches:
      - master

+permissions:
+  contents: write
+
 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
    - name: Checkout code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@v7
      with:
        submodules: 'recursive'
        fetch-depth: '0'

    - name: Setup Android SDK
-      uses: android-actions/setup-android@v4.0.1
+      uses: android-actions/setup-android@v4
      with:
        log-accepted-android-sdk-licenses: false
-        cmdline-tools-version: '13114758'
-        packages: 'platforms;android-36.1 build-tools;36.1.0 platform-tools'
+        cmdline-tools-version: '14742923'
+        packages: 'platforms;android-37.0 build-tools;37.0.0 platform-tools'

    - name: Install NDK
      run: |
        echo "y" | $ANDROID_HOME/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager \
          --channel=0 \
-          --install "ndk;28.2.13676358"
-        echo "NDK_HOME=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/28.2.13676358" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          --install "ndk;29.0.14206865"
+        echo "NDK_HOME=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/29.0.14206865" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        sed -i '10i\
        \
-            ndkVersion = "28.2.13676358"' ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build.gradle.kts
+            ndkVersion = "29.0.14206865"' ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build.gradle.kts

    - name: Restore cached libhevtun
      id: cache-libhevtun-restore
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v6
      with:
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libs
        key: libhevtun-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/hev-socks5-tunnel/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('compile-hevtun.sh') }}
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
    
    - name: Save libhevtun
      if: steps.cache-libhevtun-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v6
      with:
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libs
        key: libhevtun-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/hev-socks5-tunnel/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('compile-hevtun.sh') }}
@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ jobs:
        out-file-path: V2rayNG/app/libs/

    - name: Setup Java
-      uses: actions/setup-java@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-java@v6.0.0
      with:
        distribution: 'temurin'
        java-version: '21'
@@ -119,11 +122,41 @@ jobs:
        name: x86-apk
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*x86*.apk

-    - name: Upload to release
-      uses: svenstaro/upload-release-action@v2
-      if: github.event.inputs.release_tag != ''
+    - name: Upload universal APK
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+      if: ${{ success() }}
      with:
-        file: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*.apk
-        tag: ${{ github.event.inputs.release_tag }}
-        file_glob: true
-        prerelease: true
+        name: universal-apk
+        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*universal*.apk
+
+  sign-and-release:
+    needs: build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.release_tag != ''
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Download APK artifacts
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          path: release
+
+      - name: Sign APK files
+        run: |
+          printf '%s' "${{ secrets.GPG_PRIVATE_KEY }}" | gpg --batch --import
+          KEY=$(gpg --list-secret-keys --with-colons | awk -F: '/^fpr:/ {print $10; exit}')
+          mkdir -p release-files
+
+          find release -type f -name '*.apk' | while read apk; do
+            cp "$apk" release-files/
+            gpg --batch --yes --local-user "$KEY" --detach-sign --output "release-files/$(basename "$apk").sig" "$apk"
+          done
+
+          gpg --armor --export "$KEY" > release-files/v2rayN-public-key.asc
+
+      - name: Upload APKs, signatures and public key to release
+        uses: svenstaro/upload-release-action@v2
+        with:
+          file: release-files/*
+          tag: ${{ inputs.release_tag }}
+          file_glob: true
+          prerelease: true
@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ jobs:
  go:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
      - name: Validate Fastlane Supply Metadata
        uses: ashutoshgngwr/validate-fastlane-supply-metadata@v2.1.0
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ V2rayNG/app/build
 V2rayNG/build
 V2rayNG/local.properties

+# Ignore prebuilt native libraries (built from submodules by compile-hevtun.sh / AndroidLibXrayLite)
+V2rayNG/app/libs
+
 # Ignore APK and AAR files
 *.apk
 *.aar
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# v2rayNG agent guide
+
+## Scope and precedence
+
+This file applies to the entire repository. Read the applicable scoped guide before editing any
+listed path, including when the agent starts at the repository root:
+
+- Read `V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/service/AGENTS.md` for
+  `V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/service/`,
+  `V2rayNG/app/src/test/java/com/v2ray/ang/service/`, and these paths under
+  `V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/`: `core/CoreServiceManager.kt`,
+  `core/LauncherManager.kt`, `root/`, `contracts/ServiceControl.kt`,
+  `contracts/Tun2SocksControl.kt`, `handler/NotificationManager.kt`,
+  `helper/MessageHelper.kt`, and `helper/NotificationHelper.kt`.
+- Read `V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/AGENTS.md` for
+  `V2rayNG/app/src/main/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/` and
+  `V2rayNG/app/src/test/java/com/v2ray/ang/ui/`.
+
+Follow both guides in scoped paths. A scoped rule overrides a root rule only when they require
+incompatible actions; every other root rule remains active.
+
+## Requirement language
+
+- `must`, `must not`, `only`, and `never` are mandatory. Only the current user request or linked
+  acceptance criteria can state an exception; agent inference cannot.
+- `Task scope` is the named files and behavior plus dependency, test, or build edits that a
+  compiler or required validation proves necessary. Every other change is outside scope.
+- `Changed behavior` includes direct and downstream build-time or runtime effects through callers,
+  consumers, storage, IPC, and resources.
+- `Supported` versions, ABIs, distributions, and locales are exactly those declared by
+  `V2rayNG/app/build.gradle.kts` and `.github/workflows/build.yml` inputs.
+- A behavior is `verified` only when its named check passed on branch HEAD. Otherwise list the
+  exact unrun check and blocker, and do not call the behavior verified.
+
+## Existing code is not a compliance baseline
+
+- These guides define the target state; they do not claim that this checkout, an older commit, or
+  another worktree complies. Existing code shows current behavior and is not permission to repeat
+  a pattern.
+- A `touched declaration` is any function, property, class, composable, resource entry, manifest
+  element, or Gradle block containing an added or removed line. Inspect it and every caller or
+  consumer whose contract changes against all applicable rules before editing.
+- Every new declaration and changed behavior must comply. Inspect a helper or pattern before
+  reusing it. Tests prove only their assertions; names, green builds, and prior approval prove
+  nothing else.
+- Do not repair unrelated violations. Fix a violation left on a task-changed execution path in the
+  same branch; if that would change behavior outside scope, request approval first. Report any
+  remaining violation that blocks required validation.
+
+## Agent-guide synchronization and PR boundary
+
+- `AGENTS.md` files are the only rule source. `CLAUDE.md`, `GEMINI.md`, and
+  `.github/copilot-instructions.md` are routing shims and must only load or point to applicable
+  `AGENTS.md` files.
+- Feature, fix, and release branches use instruction files from fetched `upstream/master` as their
+  baseline. If `upstream` is absent, run
+  `git remote add upstream https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG.git`; otherwise require
+  `git remote get-url upstream` to print exactly that URL. Successfully run
+  `git fetch upstream master` before comparison. An agent-instruction branch uses its HEAD and
+  working diff as the proposal.
+- At task start and after each upstream merge or rebase, synchronize canonical instructions into
+  the worktree without deleting local-only text. Compare them with:
+
+  ```sh
+  git diff upstream/master -- ':(glob)**/AGENTS.md' ':(glob)**/CLAUDE.md' ':(glob)**/GEMINI.md' .github/copilot-instructions.md
+  ```
+
+  After synchronization, every displayed difference must be inside a local-only block. If a branch
+  predates the files, keep copied versions untracked or unstaged; acquire tracked copies only by
+  merging or rebasing their upstream commit.
+- User-, machine-, worktree-, and temporary text is local-only. Put it in `AGENTS.md` between
+  visible lines `LOCAL INSTRUCTIONS - START` and `LOCAL INSTRUCTIONS - END`.
+  Unless the task targets agent instructions, treat every pre-existing instruction-file difference
+  as local-only.
+- Keep local-only text unstaged and uncommitted. Never use `git add .`, `git add -A`, or
+  `git commit -a` in that worktree. Stage task paths explicitly; never delete, restore, or overwrite
+  local instructions to clean the worktree.
+- Before each commit, push, or PR update outside agent-instruction scope, run both commands. Both
+  must print no paths; otherwise stop and remove the instruction change from the staged or branch
+  diff without altering its working copy.
+
+  ```sh
+  git diff --cached --name-only -- ':(glob)**/AGENTS.md' ':(glob)**/CLAUDE.md' ':(glob)**/GEMINI.md' .github/copilot-instructions.md
+  git diff --name-only upstream/master...HEAD -- ':(glob)**/AGENTS.md' ':(glob)**/CLAUDE.md' ':(glob)**/GEMINI.md' .github/copilot-instructions.md
+  ```
+
+- Commit instruction files only for a task explicitly limited to agent instructions. The branch
+  and PR may contain only `AGENTS.md` and necessary routing-shim changes; name agent instructions
+  in the PR title and state that exclusive scope in the body.
+
+## Project boundaries
+
+- The Android project is under `V2rayNG/` and uses Kotlin, Gradle Kotlin DSL, Compose, Material 3,
+  coroutines, and AndroidX lifecycle. Read dependency versions from
+  `V2rayNG/gradle/libs.versions.toml`, SDK levels from `V2rayNG/app/build.gradle.kts`, and CI tools
+  from `.github/workflows/build.yml`; never copy those numbers into a guide.
+- `AngApplication` initializes MMKV, app locales, WorkManager, defaults, and theme state. Persist
+  application data through `MmkvManager` or `SettingsManager`; do not create `SharedPreferences`
+  or another path for data they own.
+- `core/` owns native configuration and lifecycle, `handler/` data and application operations,
+  `service/` Android services, and `ui/` Compose activities, components, and ViewModels. Put new
+  code in its owner unless a scoped guide names a narrower owner.
+- Shared lifecycle and configuration code must retain VPN, proxy-only, and root-mode branches.
+  Change one mode only when task scope names it; gate the change and preserve the other modes.
+- `AndroidLibXrayLite` is native-core source. `V2rayNG/app/libs/libv2ray.aar` and the HEV libraries
+  are generated inputs; do not modify or commit them unless task scope upgrades a native dependency.
+  Such a PR must identify the source revision and verify every app-declared ABI.
+
+## Build and validation
+
+Before building a clean checkout, initialize submodules recursively and reproduce the HEV and AAR
+steps in `.github/workflows/build.yml`. The AAR revision must match the `AndroidLibXrayLite` gitlink
+from `git ls-tree HEAD AndroidLibXrayLite`. Take build-tool versions from that workflow and
+`V2rayNG/gradle/libs.versions.toml`.
+
+Run Gradle from `V2rayNG/`, using `gradlew.bat` in Windows PowerShell or `./gradlew` on POSIX. Use
+the Play Store debug variant unless task scope names another distribution.
+
+Apply every matching validation rule:
+
+- Documentation only: run `git diff --check`; no Gradle task is required.
+- Kotlin/Java production code: run the test class that asserts each changed behavior, then
+  `:app:testPlaystoreDebugUnitTest` and `:app:compilePlaystoreDebugKotlin`.
+- Resources, manifest, Gradle, dependencies, or native packaging: run
+  `:app:assemblePlaystoreDebug`.
+- F-Droid only: replace `Playstore` with `Fdroid`. Run both variants when shared code branches on a
+  flavor, `BuildConfig.DISTRIBUTION`, or a flavor-specific resource or dependency.
+- Android service lifecycle, framework callback, native interaction, permission, accessibility,
+  focus, or state restoration: also run an emulator or physical-device check.
+
+Add or update JUnit tests under `V2rayNG/app/src/test/java/` for changed deterministic logic. Report
+an unavailable required check under the exact label `Not run`, with its command or scenario and
+reason. A compile or assembled APK does not verify runtime behavior.
+
+There is no enforced Kotlin formatter. Preserve local indentation and import order. Do not change
+whitespace outside touched declarations or reorder imports except as the diff requires.
+
+## Repository-wide coding rules
+
+- Keep the diff inside task scope; exclude unrelated refactors, upgrades, generated files,
+  translation cleanup, renames, and formatting-only changes.
+- Use server GUIDs and group IDs for persistence, asynchronous work, and UI state. Never use a
+  list index, adapter position, or paging position as server or group identity.
+- Run disk, network, package-manager, native, bitmap, and CPU-intensive work off the main thread.
+  Own each asynchronous operation with a named lifecycle or ViewModel scope and cancel it when the
+  owner ends or newer work supersedes it.
+- Put all visible and accessibility text in Android resources. Update every locale in
+  `androidResources.localeFilters` for each changed key, preserving placeholders, plurals, and
+  formatting tags.
+- Never rename or delete a persisted, serialized, routing, import, or export field without a
+  backward-compatible migration and a regression test reading the preceding released format.
+  Multi-record writes must complete together or restore/remove partial writes on every failure.
+- Log recoverable failures through `LogUtil`, including operation, mode/component, non-secret
+  stable ID when available, and exception. Never log credentials, full proxy URLs, private keys,
+  or exported configurations.
+- Before adding a constant, helper, manager, repository, or state holder, search its owner. Extend
+  an owner that controls the same data or lifecycle. Create a new abstraction only for different
+  ownership or lifetime, and state that distinction in code or the PR.
+- A platform workaround needs a comment naming its Android/API or vendor boundary, prevented
+  failure, and exact removal condition.
+
+## Deprecated, experimental, and version-gated APIs
+
+- Introduce a deprecated API only for a supported-version fallback lacking the replacement, a
+  required deprecated callback/interface member, or a documented platform/vendor defect that
+  blocks acceptance criteria. The defect requires a test or linked upstream issue.
+- Isolate each permitted deprecated call in one compatibility function or adapter. Comment the
+  reason and an exact removal trigger. Use the stable API wherever available.
+- Scope `@Suppress("DEPRECATION")` or `@SuppressLint("<IssueId>")` to the containing expression or function.
+  Class scope is allowed only when every member implements the same required deprecated interface;
+  file, package, and module scope is forbidden. Never suppress permission, background-execution,
+  lifecycle, or security requirements.
+- Guard every API above `minSdk` by SDK or extension version in the same function, or use
+  `@RequiresApi` only when every entry point is guarded. Mark reusable guards
+  `@ChecksSdkIntAtLeast`. Lower versions must use an
+  existing API, return explicit unsupported status, or hide/disable the feature; never crash or
+  report false success.
+- Add or expand an experimental API only when no stable API meets named acceptance criteria, its
+  dependency is pinned in `libs.versions.toml`, a project-owned stable interface contains it and
+  excludes it from persisted data, IPC payloads, and public shared contracts, a regression test
+  covers it, and a comment names the opt-in marker and exact reevaluation condition.
+- Put `@OptIn` on the direct function/property, or on a class only when multiple members need it.
+  File and module opt-ins are forbidden. Existing experimental use outside scope does not permit a
+  new call site.
+- A preview/canary SDK or alpha dependency is allowed in production only when the request or linked
+  issue requires it. Keep a stable path for supported non-preview devices, gate by runtime API or
+  feature availability, and test both paths. After an API guard, opt-in, or lint suppression, run
+  `:app:lintPlaystoreDebug` and also `:app:lintFdroidDebug` when behavior differs by distribution.
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@AGENTS.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+@AGENTS.md
@@ -3,30 +3,88 @@
 A V2Ray client for Android, support [Xray core](https://github.com/XTLS/Xray-core) and [v2fly core](https://github.com/v2fly/v2ray-core)

 [![API](https://img.shields.io/badge/API-24%2B-yellow.svg?style=flat)](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/lollipop)
-[![Kotlin Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Kotlin-2.3.0-blue.svg)](https://kotlinlang.org)
+[![Kotlin Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Kotlin-2.4.0-blue.svg)](https://kotlinlang.org)
 [![GitHub commit activity](https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/m/2dust/v2rayNG)](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/commits/master)
 [![CodeFactor](https://www.codefactor.io/repository/github/2dust/v2rayng/badge)](https://www.codefactor.io/repository/github/2dust/v2rayng)
 [![GitHub Releases](https://img.shields.io/github/downloads/2dust/v2rayNG/latest/total?logo=github)](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/releases)
 [![Chat on Telegram](https://img.shields.io/badge/Chat%20on-Telegram-brightgreen.svg)](https://t.me/v2rayn)

-### Telegram Channel
-[github_2dust](https://t.me/github_2dust)
+---

-### Usage
+## Download / 下载
+
+Download the latest release here:
+
+在这里下载最新版本：
+
+[https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/releases](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/releases)
+
+> [!TIP]
+> v2rayNG is the mobile version. For the desktop version, please visit the v2rayN \
+> v2rayNG 是手机版，电脑版请访问 v2rayN
+>
+> https://github.com/2dust/v2rayN
+
+---
+
+### Geoip and Geosite

-#### Geoip and Geosite
 - geoip.dat and geosite.dat files are in `Android/data/com.v2ray.ang/files/assets` (path may differ on some Android device)
- download feature will get enhanced version in this [repo](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) (Note it need a working proxy)
+- download feature will get enhanced version in this [repo](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) (note: it needs a working proxy)
 - latest official [domain list](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) and [ip list](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/geoip) can be imported manually
- possible to use third party dat file in the same folder, like [h2y](https://guide.v2fly.org/routing/sitedata.html#%E5%A4%96%E7%BD%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6)
+- possible to use a third-party dat file in the same folder, like [h2y](https://guide.v2fly.org/routing/sitedata.html#%E5%A4%96%E7%BD%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6)

-### More in our [wiki](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/wiki)
+More in our [wiki](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/wiki)

-### Development guide
+### Geoip 与 Geosite

-Android project under V2rayNG folder can be compiled directly in Android Studio, or using Gradle wrapper. But the v2ray core inside the aar is (probably) outdated.  
-The aar can be compiled from the Golang project [AndroidLibV2rayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibV2rayLite) or [AndroidLibXrayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibXrayLite).
-For a quick start, read guide for [Go Mobile](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile) and [Makefiles for Go Developers](https://tutorialedge.net/golang/makefiles-for-go-developers/)
+- geoip.dat 和 geosite.dat 文件位于 `Android/data/com.v2ray.ang/files/assets`（部分设备路径可能不同）
+- 下载功能将获取该 [仓库](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) 中的增强版本（注意：此功能需要一个可用的代理）
+- 最新官方 [域名列表](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) 和 [IP 列表](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/geoip) 可手动导入
+- 也可在同一文件夹中使用第三方 dat 文件，例如 [h2y](https://guide.v2fly.org/routing/sitedata.html#%E5%A4%96%E7%BD%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6)

-v2rayNG can run on Android Emulators. For WSA, VPN permission need to be granted via
-`appops set [package name] ACTIVATE_VPN allow`
+更多内容请见我们的 [wiki](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/wiki)
+
+---
+
+## Development guide / 开发指南
+
+### Note
+
+- Android project under the V2rayNG folder can be compiled directly in Android Studio, or using the Gradle wrapper. But the v2ray core inside the aar is (probably) outdated.
+- The aar can be compiled from the Golang project [AndroidLibV2rayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibV2rayLite) or [AndroidLibXrayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibXrayLite). For a quick start, read the guides for [Go Mobile](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile) and [Makefiles for Go Developers](https://tutorialedge.net/golang/makefiles-for-go-developers/).
+- v2rayNG can run on Android Emulators. For WSA, VPN permission needs to be granted via `appops set [package name] ACTIVATE_VPN allow`.
+
+### 提示
+
+- V2rayNG 文件夹下的 Android 项目可直接在 Android Studio 中编译，或使用 Gradle wrapper 编译。但 aar 内置的 v2ray core（可能）已过时。
+- aar 可由 Golang 项目 [AndroidLibV2rayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibV2rayLite) 或 [AndroidLibXrayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibXrayLite) 编译而成。快速入门可参考 [Go Mobile](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile) 指南和 [Makefiles for Go Developers](https://tutorialedge.net/golang/makefiles-for-go-developers/)。
+- v2rayNG 可在 Android 模拟器上运行。对于 WSA，需要通过 `appops set [package name] ACTIVATE_VPN allow` 授予 VPN 权限。
+
+---
+
+
+## GPG Verification / GPG 签名校验
+
+Release files are signed with GPG to verify authenticity and integrity, helping prevent mirror, ISP, or CDN hijacking.
+
+发布文件已使用 GPG 签名，可用于校验文件真实性与完整性，预防镜像站、运营商或 CDN 劫持。
+
+### Fingerprint / 公钥指纹
+
+```text
+7694 5E9F 3E9A 168F 8070 F195 805D 661C
+134D FAF6 8903 C199 463C 31E5 AE90 3AE0
+```
+
+---
+
+## Community / 社区
+
+Telegram Group / Telegram 群组：
+
+[https://t.me/v2rayN](https://t.me/v2rayN)
+
+Telegram Channel / Telegram 频道：
+
+[https://t.me/github_2dust](https://t.me/github_2dust)
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 plugins {
    alias(libs.plugins.android.application)
    alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.android)
+    alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.compose)
    id("com.jaredsburrows.license")
 }

 android {
    namespace = "com.v2ray.ang"
-    compileSdk = 36
+    compileSdk = 37

    defaultConfig {
        applicationId = "com.v2ray.ang"
        minSdk = 24
-        targetSdk = 36
-        versionCode = 724
-        versionName = "2.1.4"
-        multiDexEnabled = true
+        targetSdk = 37
+        versionCode = 746
+        versionName = "2.3.6"

        val abiFilterList = (properties["ABI_FILTERS"] as? String)?.split(';')
        splits {
            abi {
                isEnable = true
                reset()
-                if (abiFilterList != null && abiFilterList.isNotEmpty()) {
+                if (!abiFilterList.isNullOrEmpty()) {
                    include(*abiFilterList.toTypedArray())
                } else {
                    include(
@@ -124,8 +124,23 @@ android {
    }

    buildFeatures {
-        viewBinding = true
        buildConfig = true
+        compose = true
+    }
+
+    androidResources {
+        generateLocaleConfig = true
+        localeFilters += listOf(
+            "en",
+            "zh-rCN",
+            "zh-rTW",
+            "vi",
+            "ru",
+            "fa",
+            "ar",
+            "bn",
+            "bqi-rIR"
+        )
    }

    packaging {
@@ -143,19 +158,20 @@ dependencies {
    // AndroidX Core Libraries
    implementation(libs.androidx.core.ktx)
    implementation(libs.androidx.appcompat)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.activity)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.constraintlayout)
-    implementation(libs.preference.ktx)
-    implementation(libs.recyclerview)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.swiperefreshlayout)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.viewpager2)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.fragment)

-    // UI Libraries
-    implementation(libs.material)
-    implementation(libs.toasty)
-    implementation(libs.editorkit)
-    implementation(libs.flexbox)
+    // Compose Libraries
+    implementation(platform(libs.androidx.compose.bom))
+    androidTestImplementation(platform(libs.androidx.compose.bom))
+
+    implementation(libs.androidx.activity.compose)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.compose.ui)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.compose.foundation)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.compose.material3)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.compose.ui.tooling.preview)
+    implementation(libs.lifecycle.runtime.compose)
+    implementation(libs.coil.compose)
+
+    debugImplementation(libs.androidx.compose.ui.tooling)

    // Data and Storage Libraries
    implementation(libs.mmkv.static)
@@ -166,25 +182,23 @@ dependencies {
    implementation(libs.kotlinx.coroutines.android)
    implementation(libs.kotlinx.coroutines.core)

-    // Language and Processing Libraries
-    implementation(libs.language.base)
-    implementation(libs.language.json)
-
-    // Intent and Utility Libraries
-    implementation(libs.quickie.foss)
-    implementation(libs.core)
+    // QR Code: CameraX + ZXing
+    implementation(libs.camerax.core)
+    implementation(libs.camerax.camera2)
+    implementation(libs.camerax.lifecycle)
+    implementation(libs.camerax.compose)
+    implementation(libs.core) // zxing core

    // AndroidX Lifecycle and Architecture Components
    implementation(libs.lifecycle.viewmodel.ktx)
-    implementation(libs.lifecycle.livedata.ktx)
    implementation(libs.lifecycle.runtime.ktx)

    // Background Task Libraries
    implementation(libs.work.runtime.ktx)
    implementation(libs.work.multiprocess)

-    // Multidex Support
-    implementation(libs.multidex)
+    // Reorderable list
+    implementation(libs.reorderable)

    // Testing Libraries
    testImplementation(libs.junit)
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
        <intent
            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
-            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScSwitchActivity"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.shortcut.ScSwitchActivity"
            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
    </shortcut>
@@ -26,38 +26,38 @@
        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
        <intent
            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
-            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScScannerActivity"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.shortcut.ScScannerActivity"
            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
    </shortcut>
    <shortcut
        android:enabled="true"
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_qu_start_24dp"
-        android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/toast_services_start"
+        android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/acc_start"
        android:shortcutId="shortcuts_start"
-        android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/toast_services_start"
-        android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/toast_services_start">
+        android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/acc_start"
+        android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/acc_start">

        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
        <intent
            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
-            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScStartActivity"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.shortcut.ScStartActivity"
            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
    </shortcut>
    <shortcut
        android:enabled="true"
        android:icon="@drawable/ic_qu_stop_24dp"
-        android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/toast_services_stop"
+        android:shortcutDisabledMessage="@string/acc_stop"
        android:shortcutId="shortcuts_stop"
-        android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/toast_services_stop"
-        android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/toast_services_stop">
+        android:shortcutLongLabel="@string/acc_stop"
+        android:shortcutShortLabel="@string/acc_stop">

        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
        <intent
            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
-            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScStopActivity"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.shortcut.ScStopActivity"
            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
    </shortcut>
-</shortcuts>
+</shortcuts>
@@ -29,16 +29,16 @@
        tools:ignore="PackageVisibilityPolicy,QueryAllPackagesPermission" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CAMERA" />
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE"
+        tools:ignore="ForegroundServicesPolicy" />
    <uses-permission
        android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE"
        android:minSdkVersion="34" />
    <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" /> -->
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS" />
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED" />

    <application
@@ -52,8 +52,17 @@
        android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar"
        android:usesCleartextTraffic="true">

+        <service
+            android:name="androidx.appcompat.app.AppLocalesMetadataHolderService"
+            android:enabled="false"
+            android:exported="false">
+            <meta-data
+                android:name="autoStoreLocales"
+                android:value="true" />
+        </service>
+
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.MainActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.main.MainActivity"
            android:exported="true"
            android:launchMode="singleTask">
            <intent-filter>
@@ -71,68 +80,102 @@
                android:resource="@xml/shortcuts" />
        </activity>
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ServerActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerVmessActivity"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ServerCustomConfigActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerVlessActivity"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ServerGroupActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerShadowsocksActivity"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.SettingsActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerSocksActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerHttpActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerTrojanActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerWireguardActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerHysteria2Activity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerCustomConfigActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerGroupActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerProxyChainActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.settings.SettingsActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.PerAppProxyActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.perappproxy.PerAppProxyActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.AppPickerActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.apppicker.AppPickerActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
            android:name=".ui.ScannerActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.LogcatActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.logcat.LogcatActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.RoutingSettingActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.routing.RoutingSettingActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.RoutingEditActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.routing.RoutingEditActivity"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.SubSettingActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.subscription.SubSettingActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.UserAssetActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.userasset.UserAssetActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.UserAssetUrlActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.userasset.UserAssetUrlActivity"
            android:exported="false" />

        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.SubEditActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.subscription.SubEditActivity"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ScScannerActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.ScScannerActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ScSwitchActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.ScSwitchActivity"
            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
            android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar.Translucent" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ScStartActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.ScStartActivity"
            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
            android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar.Translucent" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ScStopActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.ScStopActivity"
            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
@@ -158,17 +201,20 @@
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.CheckUpdateActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.checkupdate.CheckUpdateActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.BackupActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.backup.BackupActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
            android:name=".ui.AboutActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.TranslatorsActivity"
+            android:exported="false" />

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayVpnService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreVpnService"
            android:enabled="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
@@ -188,7 +234,7 @@
        </service>

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayProxyOnlyService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreProxyOnlyService"
            android:exported="false"
            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
            android:label="@string/app_name"
@@ -199,9 +245,35 @@
        </service>

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayTestService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreRootService"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon" />
+            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
+            android:label="@string/app_name"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
+            <property
+                android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
+                android:value="proxy" />
+        </service>
+
+        <service
+            android:name=".service.CoreTestService"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
+            <property
+                android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
+                android:value="test" />
+        </service>
+
+        <service
+            android:name=".service.SubscriptionUpdateService"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
+            <property
+                android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
+                android:value="test" />
+        </service>

        <receiver
            android:name=".receiver.WidgetProvider"
@@ -222,6 +294,8 @@
            android:label="BootReceiver">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED" />
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MY_PACKAGE_REPLACED" />
            </intent-filter>
        </receiver>

@@ -242,7 +316,7 @@
        </service>
        <!-- =====================Tasker===================== -->
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.TaskerActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.TaskerActivity"
            android:exported="true"
            android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher">
            <intent-filter>
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+[
+  {
+    "language": "العربية (Arabic)",
+    "contributors": [
+      { "name": "@mribrahem", "displayName": "ibrahem Qasim", "url": "https://github.com/mribrahem" }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "language": "বাংলা (Bengali)",
+    "contributors": [
+      { "name": "@codewithtamim", "displayName": "Tamim Hossain", "url": "https://github.com/codewithtamim" }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "language": "لۊری بختیاری (Luri Bakhtiari)",
+    "contributors": [
+      { "name": "@hosseinabaspanah", "displayName": "Hossein Abaspanah", "url": "https://github.com/hosseinabaspanah" },
+      { "name": "@codewithtamim", "displayName": "Tamim Hossain", "url": "https://github.com/codewithtamim" }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "language": "فارسی (Persian)",
+    "contributors": [
+      { "name": "@themrvx", "displayName": "MRVX", "url": "https://github.com/themrvx" },
+      { "name": "@skh-web6982", "url": "https://github.com/skh-web6982" },
+      { "name": "@ptechgithub", "displayName": "Peyman", "url": "https://github.com/ptechgithub" },
+      { "name": "@pk-web6936" },
+      { "name": "@alphax-hue3682" },
+      { "name": "@phoenix6936" },
+      { "name": "@decorativefamily" },
+      { "name": "@decorativeman" },
+      { "name": "@mh292929", "displayName": "MH", "url": "https://github.com/mh292929" },
+      { "name": "@amir-yazdanmanesh", "displayName": "AmirMohammad Yazdanmanesh", "url": "https://github.com/amir-yazdanmanesh" },
+      { "name": "@cumoon", "displayName": "C_U_Moon", "url": "https://github.com/cumoon" },
+      { "name": "@hadi-norouzi", "displayName": "Hadi Norouzi", "url": "https://github.com/hadi-norouzi" },
+      { "name": "Vahid Farid" }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "language": "Русский (Russian)",
+    "contributors": [
+      { "name": "@solokot", "url": "https://github.com/solokot" },
+      { "name": "@liniya", "url": "https://github.com/liniya" },
+      { "name": "@eliotcougar", "url": "https://github.com/eliotcougar" }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "language": "Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese)",
+    "contributors": [
+      { "name": "@admarty", "url": "https://github.com/admarty" },
+      { "name": "@user09283", "url": "https://github.com/user09283" },
+      { "name": "@yuhan6665", "url": "https://github.com/yuhan6665" }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "language": "简体中文 (Simplified Chinese)",
+    "contributors": [
+      { "name": "@yau08", "displayName": "David", "url": "https://github.com/yau08" }
+    ]
+  },
+  {
+    "language": "繁體中文 (Traditional Chinese)",
+    "contributors": [
+      { "name": "@yau08", "displayName": "David", "url": "https://github.com/yau08" },
+      { "name": "@fubuki0x10de", "url": "https://github.com/fubuki0x10de" }
+    ]
+  }
+]
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@
      "enabled": true,
      "destOverride": [
        "http",
-        "tls"
+        "tls",
+		"quic"
      ]
    }
  }
@@ -73,8 +74,14 @@
  },
  {
    "protocol": "freedom",
-    "settings": {
-      "domainStrategy": "UseIP"
+    "streamSettings": {
+      "sockopt": {
+        "domainStrategy": "UseIP",
+        "happyEyeballs": {
+          "tryDelayMs": 250,
+          "interleave": 2
+        }
+      }
    },
    "tag": "direct"
  },
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@
      "enabled": true,
      "destOverride": [
        "http",
-        "tls"
+        "tls",
+		"quic"
      ]
    }
  },
@@ -46,7 +47,8 @@
      "enabled": true,
      "destOverride": [
        "http",
-        "tls"
+        "tls",
+		"quic"
      ]
    }
  }
@@ -89,8 +91,14 @@
  },
  {
    "protocol": "freedom",
-    "settings": {
-      "domainStrategy": "UseIP"
+    "streamSettings": {
+      "sockopt": {
+        "domainStrategy": "UseIP",
+        "happyEyeballs": {
+          "tryDelayMs": 250,
+          "interleave": 2
+        }
+      }
    },
    "tag": "direct"
  },
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang

+import android.app.Application
 import android.content.Context
-import androidx.multidex.MultiDexApplication
+import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import androidx.work.Configuration
 import androidx.work.WorkManager
-import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKV
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.AppLocaleManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.compose.ThemeManager

-class AngApplication : MultiDexApplication() {
+class AngApplication : Application() {
    companion object {
        lateinit var application: AngApplication
    }
@@ -18,7 +21,7 @@ class AngApplication : MultiDexApplication() {
     * @param base The base context.
     */
    override fun attachBaseContext(base: Context?) {
-        super.attachBaseContext(base)
+        super.attachBaseContext(base?.let(ContextCompat::getContextForLanguage))
        application = this
    }

@@ -32,17 +35,17 @@ class AngApplication : MultiDexApplication() {
    override fun onCreate() {
        super.onCreate()

-        MMKV.initialize(this)
+        MmkvManager.initialize(this)
+
+        AppLocaleManager.initialize(this)

        // Initialize WorkManager with the custom configuration
        WorkManager.initialize(this, workManagerConfiguration)

        // Ensure critical preference defaults are present in MMKV early
        SettingsManager.initApp(this)
-        SettingsManager.setNightMode()

-        es.dmoral.toasty.Toasty.Config.getInstance()
-            .setGravity(android.view.Gravity.BOTTOM, 0, 300)
-            .apply()
+        // Initialize theme state from MMKV
+        ThemeManager.refresh()
    }
 }
@@ -43,19 +43,25 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_PACKETS = "pref_fragment_packets"
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH = "pref_fragment_length"
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL = "pref_fragment_interval"
+    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_MAXSPLIT = "pref_fragment_maxsplit"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_PING_INTERVAL = "pref_observatory_least_ping_interval"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_INTERVAL = "pref_observatory_least_load_interval"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_METHOD = "pref_observatory_least_load_method"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_SAMPLING = "pref_observatory_least_load_sampling"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_TIMEOUT = "pref_observatory_least_load_timeout"
    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_TASK_NAME = "subscription_updater"
    const val SUBSCRIPTION_MIN_INTERVAL_MINUTES = 15L
    const val PREF_SPEED_ENABLED = "pref_speed_enabled"
    const val PREF_CONFIRM_REMOVE = "pref_confirm_remove"
-    const val PREF_START_SCAN_IMMEDIATE = "pref_start_scan_immediate"
    const val PREF_DOUBLE_COLUMN_DISPLAY = "pref_double_column_display"
    const val PREF_GROUP_ALL_DISPLAY = "pref_group_all_display"
    const val PREF_LANGUAGE = "pref_language"
+    const val PREF_APP_LOCALE_MIGRATED = "pref_app_locale_migrated"
    const val PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT = "pref_ui_mode_night"
+    const val PREF_DYNAMIC_COLOR = "pref_dynamic_color"
    const val PREF_IPV6_ENABLED = "pref_ipv6_enabled"
    const val PREF_PREFER_IPV6 = "pref_prefer_ipv6"
    const val PREF_PROXY_SHARING = "pref_proxy_sharing_enabled"
-    const val PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE = "pref_allow_insecure"
    const val PREF_ENABLE_LOCAL_PROXY = "pref_enable_local_proxy"
    const val PREF_SOCKS_PORT = "pref_socks_port"
    const val PREF_DYNAMIC_SOCKS_PORT = "pref_dynamic_socks_port"
@@ -70,14 +76,19 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val PREF_LOGLEVEL = "pref_core_loglevel"
    const val PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD = "pref_outbound_domain_resolve_method"
    const val PREF_MODE = "pref_mode"
+    const val PREF_ROOT_MODE_ENABLE = "pref_root_mode_enabled"
+    const val PREF_ROOT_LAN_SHARING = "pref_root_lan_sharing"
    const val PREF_IS_BOOTED = "pref_is_booted"
    const val PREF_CHECK_UPDATE_PRE_RELEASE = "pref_check_update_pre_release"
    const val PREF_GEO_FILES_SOURCES = "pref_geo_files_sources"
    const val PREF_USE_HEV_TUNNEL = "pref_use_hev_tunnel_v2"
    const val PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_LOGLEVEL = "pref_hev_tunnel_loglevel"
    const val PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_RW_TIMEOUT = "pref_hev_tunnel_rw_timeout_v2"
+    const val PREF_UPDATE_SUBSCRIPTION = "pref_update_subscription"
+    const val PREF_AUTO_TEST_AFTER_UPDATE_SUBSCRIPTION = "pref_auto_test_after_update_subscription"
    const val PREF_AUTO_REMOVE_INVALID_AFTER_TEST = "pref_auto_remove_invalid_after_test"
    const val PREF_AUTO_SORT_AFTER_TEST = "pref_auto_sort_after_test"
+    const val PREF_REAL_PING_CONCURRENCY = "pref_real_ping_concurrency"

    /** Cache keys. */
    const val CACHE_SUBSCRIPTION_ID = "cache_subscription_id"
@@ -104,7 +115,8 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val TAG_FRAGMENT = "fragment"
    const val TAG_DNS = "dns-module"
    const val TAG_DOMESTIC_DNS = "domestic-dns"
-    const val TAG_BALANCER = "proxy-round"
+    const val TAG_BALANCER = "balancer-main"
+    const val TAG_BALANCER_PRE = "balancer"

    /** Network-related constants. */
    const val UPLINK = "uplink"
@@ -124,12 +136,17 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val TG_CHANNEL_URL = "https://t.me/github_2dust"
    const val DELAY_TEST_URL = "https://www.gstatic.com/generate_204"
    const val DELAY_TEST_URL2 = "https://www.google.com/generate_204"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_PING_INTERVAL = "3m"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_INTERVAL = "5m"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_METHOD = "HEAD"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_SAMPLING = "2"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_TIMEOUT = "30s"

    //    const val IP_API_URL = "https://speed.cloudflare.com/meta"
    const val IP_API_URL = "https://api.ip.sb/geoip"

    /** DNS server addresses. */
-    const val DNS_PROXY = "1.1.1.1"
+    const val DNS_PROXY = "https://cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query"
    const val DNS_DIRECT = "223.5.5.5"
    const val DNS_VPN = "1.1.1.1"
    const val GEOSITE_PRIVATE = "geosite:private"
@@ -163,24 +180,28 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val MSG_STATE_STOP_SUCCESS = 41
    const val MSG_STATE_RESTART = 5
    const val MSG_MEASURE_DELAY = 6
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS = 61
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG = 7
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS = 71
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL = 72
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_RESULT = 61
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_START = 7
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL = 71
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS = 72
    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_NOTIFY = 73
    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_FINISH = 74

+    const val MSG_SUB_UPDATE_START = 8
+    const val MSG_SUB_UPDATE_CANCEL = 81
+
    /** Notification channel IDs and names. */
-    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_ID = "RAY_NG_M_CH_ID"
-    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_NAME = "v2rayNG Background Service"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL = "subscription_update_channel"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL_NAME = "Subscription Update Service"
+    // Use a new ID because Android does not let an app raise an existing channel's importance.
+    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_ID = "CORE_M_CH_ID_V2"
+    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_NAME = "Core Background Service"

    /** Protocols Scheme **/
    const val VMESS = "vmess://"
    const val CUSTOM = ""
    const val SHADOWSOCKS = "ss://"
    const val SOCKS = "socks://"
+    const val SOCKS4 = "socks4://"
+    const val SOCKS5 = "socks5://"
    const val HTTP = "http://"
    const val VLESS = "vless://"
    const val TROJAN = "trojan://"
@@ -189,11 +210,34 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val HYSTERIA = "hysteria://"
    const val HYSTERIA2 = "hysteria2://"
    const val HY2 = "hy2://"
+    const val V2RAYNFMTS = "v2rayn://"

    /** Give a good name to this, IDK*/
    const val VPN = "VPN"
    const val VPN_MTU = 1500

+    /** Root (system-wide) mode runtime constants. */
+    const val ROOT_RUNTIME_DIR = "sys_cache"
+    const val ROOT_IPTABLES_CHAIN = "CORE_FILTER"
+    const val ROOT_FWMARK = 255            // defensive RETURN tag; hev's only upstream socket is loopback (already bypassed)
+    const val ROOT_MARK_ROUTE = 1          // packets we want pushed into the tun device
+    const val ROOT_ROUTE_TABLE = 2024
+    const val ROOT_RULE_PRIORITY = 1000
+    const val ROOT_TUN_NAME = "utun7788"
+    const val ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V4 = "198.18.0.1/15"
+    const val ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V6 = "fdfe:dcba:9876::1/64"
+
+    // hev-socks5-tunnel run as a standalone root binary (reuses the same project already
+    // bundled for the VPN hev path; distinct filename from the JNI lib to avoid collision).
+    const val ROOT_TUN2SOCKS_BIN = "libhevsockstun.so"
+    const val ROOT_FWD_CHAIN = "CORE_FWD"   // FORWARD chain for LAN/tethering sharing
+    const val ROOT_DNS_CHAIN = "CORE_DNS"   // nat chain for tethered-client DNS DNAT
+    const val ROOT_V6_CHAIN = "CORE6_FILTER"       // ip6tables filter/OUTPUT chain: blackhole native IPv6 when it isn't tunneled
+    const val ROOT_V6_FWD_CHAIN = "CORE6_FWD" // ip6tables FORWARD chain: route or reject tethered clients' native IPv6
+    const val ROOT_V6_PRE_CHAIN = "CORE6_PRE" // ip6tables mangle/PREROUTING chain: mark forwarded clients' IPv6 into the tun
+    const val ROOT_LAN_DNS = "1.1.1.1"          // fallback resolver for tethered clients when no plain-IPv4 DNS is configured
+    const val ROOT_OOM_SCORE = "-1000"          // oom_score_adj that makes the LMK never kill us
+
    /** hev-sock5-tunnel read-write-timeout value */
    const val HEVTUN_RW_TIMEOUT = "300,60"

@@ -202,13 +246,19 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val GOOGLEAPIS_COM_DOMAIN = "googleapis.com"

    // Android Private DNS constants
-    const val DNS_DNSPOD_DOMAIN = "dot.pub"
    const val DNS_ALIDNS_DOMAIN = "dns.alidns.com"
+    const val DNS_CISCO_SSE_DOMAIN = "dns.sse.cisco.com"
+    const val DNS_CISCO_UMBRELLA_DOMAIN = "dns.umbrella.com"
    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONE_DOMAIN = "one.one.one.one"
+    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONEDOT_DNS_DOMAIN = "1dot1dot1dot1.cloudflare-dns.com"
    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_DOMAIN = "dns.cloudflare.com"
    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_DOMAIN = "cloudflare-dns.com"
+    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_WARP_DOMAIN = "engage.cloudflareclient.com"
+    const val DNS_DNSPOD_DOH_DOMAIN = "doh.pub"
+    const val DNS_DNSPOD_DOT_DOMAIN = "dot.pub"
    const val DNS_GOOGLE_DOMAIN = "dns.google"
    const val DNS_QUAD9_DOMAIN = "dns.quad9.net"
+    const val DNS_SB_DOMAIN = "dns.sb"
    const val DNS_YANDEX_DOMAIN = "common.dot.dns.yandex.net"

    const val DEFAULT_PORT = 443
@@ -222,12 +272,18 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val UNIDENTIFIED_PACKAGE = "__unknown_app__"

    val DNS_ALIDNS_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("223.5.5.5", "223.6.6.6", "2400:3200::1", "2400:3200:baba::1")
+    val DNS_CISCO_SSE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("208.67.220.220", "208.67.222.222", "2620:119:35::35", "2620:119:53::53")
+    val DNS_CISCO_UMBRELLA_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("208.67.220.220", "208.67.222.222", "2620:119:35::35", "2620:119:53::53")
    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.1.1.1", "1.0.0.1", "2606:4700:4700::1111", "2606:4700:4700::1001")
-    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("104.16.132.229", "104.16.133.229", "2606:4700::6810:84e5", "2606:4700::6810:85e5")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONEDOT_DNS_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.1.1.1", "1.0.0.1", "2606:4700:4700::1111", "2606:4700:4700::1001")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("162.159.61.8", "172.64.41.8", "2a06:98c1:52::8", "2803:f800:53::8")
    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("104.16.248.249", "104.16.249.249", "2606:4700::6810:f8f9", "2606:4700::6810:f9f9")
-    val DNS_DNSPOD_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.12.12.12", "120.53.53.53")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_WARP_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("162.159.192.1", "2606:4700:d0::a29f:c001")
+    val DNS_DNSPOD_DOH_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.12.12.12", "120.53.53.53")
+    val DNS_DNSPOD_DOT_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.12.12.12", "120.53.53.53")
    val DNS_GOOGLE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("8.8.8.8", "8.8.4.4", "2001:4860:4860::8888", "2001:4860:4860::8844")
    val DNS_QUAD9_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("9.9.9.9", "149.112.112.112", "2620:fe::fe", "2620:fe::9")
+    val DNS_SB_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("45.11.45.11", "185.222.222.222", "2a09::", "2a11::")
    val DNS_YANDEX_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("77.88.8.8", "77.88.8.1", "2a02:6b8::feed:0ff", "2a02:6b8:0:1::feed:0ff")

    //minimum list https://serverfault.com/a/304791
@@ -286,4 +342,6 @@ object AppConfig {
        TAG_DIRECT,
        TAG_BLOCKED,
    )
+
+    val OBSERVATORY_DURATION_PATTERN = Regex("""[1-9]\d*(ms|s|m|h)""")
 }
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
-
-/**
- * A common Adapter -> host callback interface that includes common actions: edit, remove and refresh.
- * Extend this interface or define more specific interfaces for different adapters as needed.
- */
-interface BaseAdapterListener {
-    /**
-     * Request the host to edit the specified item.
-     * @param guid Unique identifier (GUID) of the item
-     * @param position Current position in the adapter (optional; host should validate it)
-     */
-    fun onEdit(guid: String, position: Int)
-
-    /**
-     * Request the host to remove the specified item. Position is provided for optional animation or validation.
-     * @param guid Unique identifier (GUID) of the item
-     * @param position Current position in the adapter (optional; host should validate it)
-     */
-    fun onRemove(guid: String, position: Int)
-
-    /**
-     * Request the host to share the specified URL.
-     * @param url The URL to be shared
-     */
-    fun onShare(url: String)
-
-    /**
-     * Request the host to refresh data (for example, reload from the ViewModel or call notifyDataSetChanged).
-     */
-    fun onRefreshData()
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
+
+import android.content.Context
+
+interface IDialerService {
+    fun start(context: Context, dialerAddr: String)
+    fun stop()
+}
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
-
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-
-interface MainAdapterListener : BaseAdapterListener {
-
-    fun onEdit(guid: String, position: Int, profile: ProfileItem)
-
-    fun onSelectServer(guid: String)
-
-    fun onShare(guid: String, profile: ProfileItem, position: Int, more: Boolean)
-
-}
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.contracts

 import android.app.Service
+import android.net.Network

 interface ServiceControl {
    /**
@@ -25,4 +26,13 @@ interface ServiceControl {
     * @return True if the socket is protected, false otherwise.
     */
    fun vpnProtect(socket: Int): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Declares the networks the tunnel runs on top of.
+     * Only meaningful for the VPN service, the other run modes have no interface to report.
+     *
+     * @param networks The upstream networks, null to let the system pick.
+     * @return True if the networks were accepted.
+     */
+    fun setUnderlyingNetworks(networks: Array<Network>?): Boolean = false
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CoreConfigContext
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.BalancerStrategyType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.CoreResolvedType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isComplexType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+/**
+ * Build runtime context from the selected profile.
+ *
+ * All outbound type analysis is completed here for both the selected profile
+ * and routing targets. Custom profiles are returned immediately without
+ * entering the normal analysis flow.
+ */
+object CoreConfigContextBuilder {
+
+    /**
+     * Load one profile and produce a fully analyzed context.
+     *
+     * Null is returned only when the selected profile cannot be loaded.
+     */
+    fun build(context: Context, guid: String): CoreConfigContext? {
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return null
+
+        // CUSTOM: return immediately — CoreConfigManager handles this path on its own.
+        if (config.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
+            return CoreConfigContext(context = context, guid = guid, isCustom = true)
+        }
+
+        // Step 1: Resolve the main outbound (always tag = TAG_PROXY).
+        val primaryResolvedOutbound = resolveOutbound(AppConfig.TAG_PROXY, config) ?: run {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve main outbound for '${config.remarks}'")
+            return null
+        }
+
+        // Step 2: Resolve all non-builtin routing outbound tags.
+        val routingResolvedOutbounds = resolveRoutingOutbounds()
+        val resolvedOutbounds = listOf(primaryResolvedOutbound) + routingResolvedOutbounds
+        val fallbackResolvedOutbounds = resolveFallbackOutbounds(resolvedOutbounds)
+        val routingDomainRules = collectRoutingDomainRulesForDns()
+
+        return CoreConfigContext(
+            context = context,
+            guid = guid,
+            resolvedOutbounds = resolvedOutbounds + fallbackResolvedOutbounds,
+            routingDomainRules = routingDomainRules,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolve one outbound target into a normalized outbound entry.
+     *
+     * Custom profiles are ignored at this stage and produce no entry.
+     */
+    private fun resolveOutbound(tag: String, profile: ProfileItem): CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound? {
+        if (profile.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
+            return null
+        }
+
+        val (resolvedProfiles, resolvedType) = when (profile.configType) {
+            EConfigType.POLICYGROUP -> Pair(
+                resolvePolicyGroupProfiles(profile),
+                CoreResolvedType.POLICYGROUP,
+            )
+
+            EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN -> {
+                val chainProfiles = resolveProxyChainProfiles(profile)
+                val type = if (chainProfiles.size <= 1) CoreResolvedType.NORMAL else CoreResolvedType.PROXYCHAIN
+                Pair(chainProfiles, type)
+            }
+
+            else -> {
+                val chainProfiles = resolveProxyChainProfilesFromGroup(profile)
+                val type = if (chainProfiles.size <= 1) CoreResolvedType.NORMAL else CoreResolvedType.PROXYCHAIN
+                Pair(chainProfiles, type)
+            }
+        }
+
+        return CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound(
+            tag = tag,
+            profile = profile,
+            resolvedProfiles = resolvedProfiles,
+            resolvedType = resolvedType,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collect and resolve non-builtin routing targets from enabled rules.
+     *
+     * Invalid or empty targets are skipped and handled by fallback logic later.
+     */
+    private fun resolveRoutingOutbounds(): List<CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound> {
+        val rulesetItems = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets() ?: return emptyList()
+        val resolvedOutbounds = mutableListOf<CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound>()
+        val processedTags = mutableSetOf<String>()
+
+        try {
+            rulesetItems
+                .filter { it.enabled }
+                .mapNotNull { it.outboundTag.takeIf { tag -> tag.isNotBlank() } }
+                .filter { tag -> tag !in AppConfig.BUILTIN_OUTBOUND_TAGS }
+                .distinct()
+                .forEach { tag ->
+                    if (tag in processedTags) {
+                        return@forEach
+                    }
+                    processedTags.add(tag)
+
+                    try {
+                        val profile = SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(tag) ?: run {
+                            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Routing tag '$tag' has no matching profile — will fall back to proxy at routing time")
+                            return@forEach
+                        }
+                        val resolvedOutbound = resolveOutbound(tag, profile) ?: run {
+                            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Cannot use CUSTOM profile as routing outbound for tag '$tag', skipping")
+                            return@forEach
+                        }
+                        if (resolvedOutbound.resolvedProfiles.isEmpty()) {
+                            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Routing outbound '$tag' resolved to empty list, skipping")
+                            return@forEach
+                        }
+                        resolvedOutbounds.add(resolvedOutbound)
+                        LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "Resolved routing outbound: tag='$tag', type='${resolvedOutbound.resolvedType}', profiles=${resolvedOutbound.resolvedProfiles.size}")
+                    } catch (e: Exception) {
+                        LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve routing outbound for tag '$tag', skipping", e)
+                    }
+                }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve routing outbounds from rulesets", e)
+        }
+
+        return resolvedOutbounds
+    }
+
+    private fun resolvePolicyGroupProfiles(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        try {
+            val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeAllServerList()
+            return serverList
+                .asSequence()
+                .mapNotNull { id -> MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(id) }
+                .filter { profile ->
+                    val subscriptionId = config.policyGroupSubscriptionId
+                    if (subscriptionId.isNullOrBlank()) {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        profile.subscriptionId == subscriptionId
+                    }
+                }
+                .filter { profile ->
+                    val filter = config.policyGroupFilter
+                    if (filter.isNullOrBlank()) {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        try {
+                            Regex(filter).containsMatchIn(profile.remarks)
+                        } catch (_: Exception) {
+                            profile.remarks.contains(filter)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                .filter { it.server.isNotNullEmpty() }
+                .filter { Utils.isPureIpAddress(it.server!!) || Utils.isValidUrl(it.server!!) }
+                .filter { !it.configType.isComplexType() }
+                .toList()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve policy group profiles for '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun resolveProxyChainProfiles(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        if (config.proxyChainProfiles.isNullOrBlank()) {
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return config.proxyChainProfiles.orEmpty().split(",")
+                .asSequence()
+                .mapNotNull { remark -> SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(remark) }
+                .filter { it.server.isNotNullEmpty() }
+                .filter { Utils.isPureIpAddress(it.server!!) || Utils.isValidUrl(it.server!!) }
+                .filter { !it.configType.isComplexType() }
+                .toList()
+                .reversed()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve proxy chain profiles for '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolve chain nodes from subscription neighbors in order: next, current, prev.
+     *
+     * When no chain is available, return a single-node result.
+     */
+    private fun resolveProxyChainProfilesFromGroup(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        if (config.subscriptionId.isEmpty()) {
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(config.subscriptionId) ?: return listOf(config)
+            val resolved = mutableListOf<ProfileItem>()
+            SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(subItem.nextProfile)?.let { resolved.add(it) }
+            resolved.add(config)
+            SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(subItem.prevProfile)?.let { resolved.add(it) }
+            return resolved
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve proxy chain from group for '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collect enabled routing domain rules in original order for DNS segmentation.
+     *
+     * outbounds are normalized into three tags only: proxy / direct / block.
+     */
+    private fun collectRoutingDomainRulesForDns(): List<CoreConfigContext.RoutingDomainRule> {
+        val rulesetItems = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets() ?: return emptyList()
+        val result = mutableListOf<CoreConfigContext.RoutingDomainRule>()
+
+        rulesetItems
+            .asSequence()
+            .filter { it.enabled }
+            .filter { !it.domain.isNullOrEmpty() }
+            .forEach { rule ->
+                val normalizedOutboundTag = when (rule.outboundTag) {
+                    AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT -> AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
+                    AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED -> AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED
+                    else -> AppConfig.TAG_PROXY
+                }
+                result.add(
+                    CoreConfigContext.RoutingDomainRule(
+                        domain = rule.domain.orEmpty(),
+                        outboundTag = normalizedOutboundTag
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+
+        return result
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolve and collect fallback outbounds from all POLICYGROUP nodes.
+     *
+     * Fallback targets must not overlap with already resolved tags or builtin tags.
+     */
+    private fun resolveFallbackOutbounds(resolvedOutbounds: List<CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound>): List<CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound> {
+        return resolvedOutbounds
+            .asSequence()
+            .filter { it.resolvedType == CoreResolvedType.POLICYGROUP }
+            .filter { BalancerStrategyType.from(it.profile.policyGroupType).supportsObservatory && it.profile.policyGroupTestOutbounds != false }
+            .mapNotNull { it.profile.policyGroupFallbackTag }
+            .filter { it !in AppConfig.BUILTIN_OUTBOUND_TAGS && resolvedOutbounds.none { outbound -> outbound.tag == it } }
+            .distinct()
+            .mapNotNull { tag ->
+                SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(tag)
+                    ?.takeUnless { it.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM || it.configType == EConfigType.POLICYGROUP }
+                    ?.let { resolveOutbound(tag, it) }
+            }
+            .toList()
+    }
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+package com.v2ray.ang.core

 import android.content.Context
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
 * Thread-safe singleton wrapper for Libv2ray native methods.
 * Provides initialization protection and unified API for V2Ray core operations.
 */
-object V2RayNativeManager {
+object CoreNativeManager {
    private val initialized = AtomicBoolean(false)

    /**
@@ -43,6 +43,15 @@ object V2RayNativeManager {
        }
    }

+    fun reconcileBrowserDialer(dialerAddr: String) {
+        try {
+            Libv2ray.reconcileBrowserDialer(dialerAddr)
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Browser dialer reconciled successfully with address: $dialerAddr")
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to reconcile browser dialer with address: $dialerAddr", e)
+        }
+    }
+

    /**
     * Get V2Ray core version.
@@ -88,4 +97,4 @@ object V2RayNativeManager {
            throw e
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import com.google.gson.JsonArray
+import com.google.gson.JsonObject
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+/**
+ * Centralizes ProfileItem -> OutboundBean conversion.
+ * Most protocol builders mirror the previous *Fmt.toOutbound behavior.
+ */
+object CoreOutboundBuilder {
+
+    /** Dispatches a profile to protocol-specific outbound builder. */
+    fun convert(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outbound = when (profileItem.configType) {
+            EConfigType.VMESS -> toOutboundVmess(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS -> toOutboundShadowsocks(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.SOCKS -> toOutboundSocks(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.VLESS -> toOutboundVless(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.TROJAN -> toOutboundTrojan(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.WIREGUARD -> toOutboundWireguard(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 -> toOutboundHysteria2(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.HTTP -> toOutboundHttp(profileItem)
+            else -> null
+        }
+
+        outbound ?: return null
+        val ret = updateOutboundWithGlobalSettings(outbound)
+        if (!ret) return null
+        return outbound
+    }
+
+    /** Applies global outbound options (mux, protocol-specific tweaks, etc.). */
+    private fun updateOutboundWithGlobalSettings(outbound: OutboundBean): Boolean {
+        try {
+            var muxEnabled = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_ENABLED, false)
+            val protocol = outbound.protocol
+            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
+            ) {
+                muxEnabled = false
+            } else if (outbound.streamSettings?.network == NetworkType.XHTTP.type) {
+                muxEnabled = false
+            }
+
+            if (muxEnabled) {
+                outbound.mux?.enabled = true
+                outbound.mux?.concurrency = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_CONCURRENCY, "8").orEmpty().toInt()
+                outbound.mux?.xudpConcurrency = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_CONCURRENCY, "16").orEmpty().toInt()
+                outbound.mux?.xudpProxyUDP443 = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_QUIC, "reject")
+                if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true) && outbound.settings?.flow?.isNotEmpty() == true) {
+                    outbound.mux?.concurrency = -1
+                }
+            } else {
+                outbound.mux?.enabled = false
+                outbound.mux?.concurrency = -1
+            }
+
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update outbound with global settings", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /** Creates an initial outbound template for a protocol type. */
+    fun createInitOutbound(configType: EConfigType): OutboundBean? {
+        return when (configType) {
+            EConfigType.VMESS,
+            EConfigType.VLESS,
+            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS,
+            EConfigType.SOCKS,
+            EConfigType.HTTP,
+            EConfigType.TROJAN -> OutboundBean(
+                protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
+                settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(),
+                streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+            )
+
+            EConfigType.WIREGUARD -> OutboundBean(
+                protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
+                settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
+                    secretKey = "",
+                    peers = listOf(OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.WireGuardBean())
+                )
+            )
+
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA,
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 -> OutboundBean(
+                protocol = EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name.lowercase(),
+                settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(),
+                streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+            )
+
+            else -> null
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Per-protocol builders — implementations are identical to each *Fmt.toOutbound ──
+
+    private fun toOutboundVmess(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VMESS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            settings.security = profileItem.method
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundVless(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VLESS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            settings.encryption = profileItem.method
+            settings.flow = profileItem.flow
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundShadowsocks(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.password = profileItem.password
+            settings.method = profileItem.method
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundTrojan(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.TROJAN)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.password = profileItem.password
+            settings.flow = profileItem.flow
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundSocks(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SOCKS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                settings.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
+                settings.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            }
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundHttp(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HTTP)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                settings.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
+                settings.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            }
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundWireguard(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.WIREGUARD)
+
+        val rawAddresses = profileItem.localAddress
+            ?.split(",")
+            ?.map { it.trim() }
+            ?.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+            ?.ifEmpty { null }
+            ?: listOf(AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4)
+
+        val addresses = if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_IPV6_ENABLED) == true) {
+            rawAddresses
+        } else {
+            val ipv4Addresses = rawAddresses.filter { !it.contains(":") }
+            ipv4Addresses.ifEmpty { listOf(AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4) }
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { wireguard ->
+            wireguard.secretKey = profileItem.secretKey
+            wireguard.address = addresses
+            wireguard.peers?.firstOrNull()?.let { peer ->
+                peer.publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.orEmpty()
+                peer.preSharedKey = profileItem.preSharedKey?.nullIfBlank()
+                peer.endpoint = Utils.getIpv6Address(profileItem.server) + ":${profileItem.serverPort}"
+            }
+            wireguard.mtu = profileItem.mtu
+            wireguard.reserved = profileItem.reserved?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }?.split(",")?.filter { it.isNotBlank() }?.map { it.trim().toInt() }
+        }
+
+        if (!profileItem.finalMask.isNullOrBlank()) {
+            outboundBean?.streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+            outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+                updateOutboundFinalMask(it, profileItem)
+                it.network = null
+            }
+        }
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundHysteria2(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) ?: return null
+        profileItem.network = NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type
+        profileItem.alpn = "h3"
+
+        outboundBean.settings?.let { server ->
+            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            server.version = 2
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun createTcpHttpRequest(
+        host: String?,
+        path: String?
+    ): OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean.HeaderBean.RequestBean {
+        val requestString =
+            """{"version":"1.1","method":"GET","headers":{"User-Agent":["Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.6478.122 Mobile Safari/537.36"],"Accept-Encoding":["gzip, deflate"],"Connection":["keep-alive"],"Pragma":"no-cache"}}"""
+        val request = JsonUtil.fromJson(
+            requestString,
+            OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean.HeaderBean.RequestBean::class.java
+        ) ?: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean.HeaderBean.RequestBean()
+
+        val parsedHost = host.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+        request.headers.Host = parsedHost.ifEmpty { null }
+        request.path = path.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }.ifEmpty { listOf("/") }
+        return request
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures transport settings for an outbound connection.
+     *
+     * Sets up protocol-specific transport options based on the profile settings.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The stream settings to configure
+     * @param profileItem The profile containing transport configuration
+     * @return The Server Name Indication (SNI) value to use, or null if not applicable
+     */
+    fun populateTransportSettings(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean, profileItem: ProfileItem): String? {
+        val transport = profileItem.network.orEmpty()
+        val headerType = profileItem.headerType
+        val host = profileItem.host
+        val path = profileItem.path
+        val seed = profileItem.seed
+//        val quicSecurity = profileItem.quicSecurity
+//        val key = profileItem.quicKey
+        val mode = profileItem.mode
+        val serviceName = profileItem.serviceName
+        val authority = profileItem.authority
+        val xhttpMode = profileItem.xhttpMode
+        val xhttpExtra = profileItem.xhttpExtra
+        val finalMask = profileItem.finalMask
+        var sni: String? = null
+        streamSettings.network = transport.ifEmpty { NetworkType.TCP.type }
+        when (streamSettings.network) {
+            NetworkType.TCP.type -> {
+                val tcpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean()
+                if (headerType == AppConfig.HEADER_TYPE_HTTP) {
+                    tcpSetting.header.type = AppConfig.HEADER_TYPE_HTTP
+                    val requestObj = createTcpHttpRequest(host, path)
+                    tcpSetting.header.request = requestObj
+                    sni = requestObj.headers.Host?.getOrNull(0)
+                } else {
+                    tcpSetting.header.type = "none"
+                    sni = host
+                }
+                streamSettings.tcpSettings = tcpSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.KCP.type -> {
+                val kcpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.KcpSettingsBean()
+                profileItem.kcpMtu?.let { kcpSetting.mtu = it }
+                profileItem.kcpTti?.let { kcpSetting.tti = it }
+                streamSettings.kcpSettings = kcpSetting
+                val udpMaskList =
+                    mutableListOf<OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean>()
+                if (!headerType.isNullOrEmpty() && headerType != "none") {
+                    val kcpHeaderType = when {
+                        headerType == "wechat-video" -> "wechat"
+                        else -> headerType
+                    }
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "mkcp-legacy",
+                            settings =
+                                OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                    header = kcpHeaderType,
+                                    value = if (headerType == "dns" && !host.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                                        host
+                                    } else {
+                                        null
+                                    }
+                                )
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                if (seed.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "mkcp-legacy"
+                        )
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "mkcp-legacy",
+                            settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                value = seed
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                udpMaskList.reverse()
+                streamSettings.finalmask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean(
+                    udp = udpMaskList.toList()
+                )
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.WS.type -> {
+                val wssetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.WsSettingsBean()
+                wssetting.host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                wssetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.wsSettings = wssetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.HTTP_UPGRADE.type -> {
+                val httpupgradeSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HttpupgradeSettingsBean()
+                httpupgradeSetting.host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                httpupgradeSetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.httpupgradeSettings = httpupgradeSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.XHTTP.type -> {
+                val xhttpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.XhttpSettingsBean()
+                xhttpSetting.host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                xhttpSetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                xhttpSetting.mode = xhttpMode
+                xhttpSetting.extra = JsonUtil.parseString(xhttpExtra)
+                streamSettings.xhttpSettings = xhttpSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.H2.type, NetworkType.HTTP.type -> {
+                streamSettings.network = NetworkType.H2.type
+                val h2Setting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HttpSettingsBean()
+                h2Setting.host = host.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+                sni = h2Setting.host.getOrNull(0)
+                h2Setting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.httpSettings = h2Setting
+            }
+
+//                    "quic" -> {
+//                        val quicsetting = QuicSettingBean()
+//                        quicsetting.security = quicSecurity ?: "none"
+//                        quicsetting.key = key.orEmpty()
+//                        quicsetting.header.type = headerType ?: "none"
+//                        quicSettings = quicsetting
+//                    }
+
+            NetworkType.GRPC.type -> {
+                val grpcSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.GrpcSettingsBean()
+                grpcSetting.multiMode = mode == "multi"
+                grpcSetting.serviceName = serviceName.orEmpty()
+                grpcSetting.authority = authority.orEmpty()
+                grpcSetting.idle_timeout = 60
+                grpcSetting.health_check_timeout = 20
+                sni = authority
+                streamSettings.grpcSettings = grpcSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type -> {
+                val hysteriaSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HysteriaSettingsBean(
+                    version = 2,
+                    auth = profileItem.password.orEmpty(),
+                )
+                val quicParams = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.QuicParamsBean(
+                    brutalUp = profileItem.bandwidthUp?.nullIfBlank(),
+                    brutalDown = profileItem.bandwidthDown?.nullIfBlank(),
+                )
+                quicParams.congestion = if (quicParams.brutalUp != null || quicParams.brutalDown != null) "brutal" else null
+                if (profileItem.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                    val rawInterval = profileItem.portHoppingInterval?.trim().nullIfBlank()
+                    val interval = if (rawInterval == null) {
+                        "30"
+                    } else {
+                        val singleValue = rawInterval.toIntOrNull()
+                        if (singleValue != null) {
+                            if (singleValue < 5) {
+                                "30"
+                            } else {
+                                rawInterval
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            val parts = rawInterval.split('-')
+                            if (parts.size == 2) {
+                                val start = parts[0].trim().toIntOrNull()
+                                val end = parts[1].trim().toIntOrNull()
+                                if (start != null && end != null) {
+                                    val minStart = maxOf(5, start)
+                                    val minEnd = maxOf(minStart, end)
+                                    "$minStart-$minEnd"
+                                } else {
+                                    "30"
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                "30"
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    quicParams.udpHop = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.QuicParamsBean.UdpHopBean(
+                        ports = profileItem.portHopping,
+                        interval = interval
+                    )
+                }
+                val finalmask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean(
+                    quicParams = quicParams
+                )
+                if (profileItem.obfsPassword.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                    finalmask.udp = listOf(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "salamander",
+                            settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                password = profileItem.obfsPassword.orEmpty()
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                streamSettings.hysteriaSettings = hysteriaSetting
+                streamSettings.finalmask = finalmask
+            }
+        }
+        finalMask?.let {
+            val parsedFinalMask = JsonUtil.parseString(finalMask)
+            if (parsedFinalMask != null) {
+                streamSettings.finalmask = parsedFinalMask
+            } else {
+                LogUtil.w("V2rayConfigManager", "Invalid finalMask JSON, keeping previously generated finalmask")
+            }
+        }
+        return sni
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures TLS or REALITY security settings for an outbound connection.
+     *
+     * Sets up security-related parameters like certificates, fingerprints, and SNI.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The stream settings to configure
+     * @param profileItem The profile containing security configuration
+     * @param sniExt An external SNI value to use if the profile doesn't specify one
+     */
+    fun populateTlsSettings(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean, profileItem: ProfileItem, sniExt: String?) {
+        val streamSecurity = profileItem.security.orEmpty()
+        val allowInsecure = profileItem.insecure == true && profileItem.pinnedCA256.isNullOrEmpty()
+        val sni = if (profileItem.sni.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            when {
+                sniExt.isNotNullEmpty() && Utils.isDomainName(sniExt) -> sniExt
+                profileItem.server.isNotNullEmpty() && Utils.isDomainName(profileItem.server) -> profileItem.server
+                else -> sniExt
+            }
+        } else {
+            profileItem.sni
+        }
+
+        streamSettings.security = streamSecurity.nullIfBlank()
+        if (streamSettings.security == null) return
+        val tlsSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TlsSettingsBean(
+            allowInsecure = allowInsecure,
+            serverName = sni.nullIfBlank(),
+            fingerprint = profileItem.fingerPrint.nullIfBlank(),
+            alpn = profileItem.alpn?.split(",")?.map { it.trim() }?.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }.takeIf { !it.isNullOrEmpty() },
+            echConfigList = profileItem.echConfigList.nullIfBlank(),
+            verifyPeerCertByName = profileItem.verifyPeerCertByName.nullIfBlank(),
+            pinnedPeerCertSha256 = profileItem.pinnedCA256.nullIfBlank(),
+            publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.nullIfBlank(),
+            shortId = profileItem.shortId.nullIfBlank(),
+            spiderX = profileItem.spiderX.nullIfBlank(),
+            mldsa65Verify = profileItem.mldsa65Verify.nullIfBlank(),
+        )
+        if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.TLS) {
+            streamSettings.tlsSettings = tlsSetting
+            streamSettings.realitySettings = null
+        } else if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.REALITY) {
+            streamSettings.tlsSettings = null
+            streamSettings.realitySettings = tlsSetting
+        }
+
+        if (profileItem.finalMask.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            updateOutboundFragment(streamSettings)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the outbound with fragment settings for traffic optimization.
+     *
+     * Configures packet fragmentation for TLS and REALITY protocols if enabled.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The streamSettings object to be modified
+     * @return true if fragment configuration was successful, false otherwise
+     */
+    private fun updateOutboundFragment(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean): Boolean {
+        try {
+            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_ENABLED, false) == false) {
+                return true
+            }
+            if (streamSettings.security != AppConfig.TLS
+                && streamSettings.security != AppConfig.REALITY
+            ) {
+                return true
+            }
+            if (streamSettings.sockopt?.dialerProxy.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                return true
+            }
+
+            var packets =
+                MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_PACKETS) ?: "tlshello"
+            if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.REALITY
+                && packets == "tlshello"
+            ) {
+                packets = "1-3"
+            }
+
+            val fragmentMask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                type = "fragment",
+                settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                    packets = packets,
+                    length = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH)
+                        ?: "50-100",
+                    delay = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL)
+                        ?: "10-20",
+                    maxSplit = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_MAXSPLIT)
+                        ?: "10"
+                )
+            )
+            val noiseMask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                type = "noise",
+                settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                    noise = listOf(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean.NoiseMaskBean(
+                            rand = "10-20",
+                            delay = "10-16",
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+
+            val finalMaskObj = streamSettings.finalmask?.let { existingFinalMask ->
+                JsonUtil.parseString(JsonUtil.toJson(existingFinalMask))
+            } ?: JsonObject()
+
+            fun appendMask(scope: String, mask: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean) {
+                val current = finalMaskObj.get(scope)
+                if (current != null && current.isJsonArray && current.asJsonArray.size() > 0) {
+                    return
+                }
+
+                val newArray = JsonArray()
+                newArray.add(JsonUtil.parseString(JsonUtil.toJson(mask)))
+
+                if (current != null && current.isJsonArray) {
+                    current.asJsonArray.forEach { newArray.add(it) }
+                }
+                finalMaskObj.add(scope, newArray)
+            }
+
+            appendMask("tcp", fragmentMask)
+            appendMask("udp", noiseMask)
+            streamSettings.finalmask = finalMaskObj
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update outbound fragment", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    private fun getServerAddress(profileItem: ProfileItem): String {
+        if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(profileItem.server.orEmpty())) {
+            return profileItem.server.orEmpty()
+        }
+
+        val domain = HttpUtil.toIdnDomain(profileItem.server.orEmpty())
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD, "1") != "2") {
+            return domain
+        }
+        //Resolve and replace domain
+        val resolvedIps = HttpUtil.resolveHostToIP(domain, MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6))
+        if (resolvedIps.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            return domain
+        }
+        return resolvedIps.first()
+    }
+
+    fun updateOutboundFinalMask(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean, profileItem: ProfileItem) {
+        val finalMask = profileItem.finalMask
+        finalMask?.let {
+            val parsedFinalMask = JsonUtil.parseString(profileItem.finalMask)
+            if (parsedFinalMask != null) {
+                streamSettings.finalmask = parsedFinalMask
+            } else {
+                LogUtil.w("V2rayConfigManager", "Invalid finalMask JSON, keeping previously generated finalmask")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+package com.v2ray.ang.core

+import android.app.Activity
 import android.app.Service
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
 import android.content.Context
@@ -11,15 +12,23 @@ import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor
 import android.system.OsConstants
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.IDialerService
 import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.ServiceControl
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
-import com.v2ray.ang.service.V2RayProxyOnlyService
-import com.v2ray.ang.service.V2RayVpnService
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ConnectionTestResult
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.OutboundTrafficStat
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.BrowserDialerMode
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.delay
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.NotificationManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SpeedtestManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.helper.MessageHelper
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.DialerNativeService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.DialerWebviewService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.NetworkMonitor
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.MessageUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
@@ -30,62 +39,32 @@ import libv2ray.ProcessFinder
 import java.lang.ref.SoftReference
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress

-object V2RayServiceManager {
+object CoreServiceManager {

-    private val coreController: CoreController = V2RayNativeManager.newCoreController(CoreCallback())
+    private val coreController: CoreController = CoreNativeManager.newCoreController(CoreCallback())
    private val mMsgReceive = ReceiveMessageHandler()
    private var currentConfig: ProfileItem? = null
    private var processFinder: XrayProcessFinder? = null
+    private var browserDialer: IDialerService? = null
+    private var networkMonitor: NetworkMonitor? = null
+
+    @Volatile
+    private var isReloading = false
+
+    /** Tun descriptor the core was started with, null in the proxy only and root run modes. */
+    private var currentVpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor? = null

    var serviceControl: SoftReference<ServiceControl>? = null
        set(value) {
            field = value
            val service = value?.get()?.getService()
-            V2RayNativeManager.initCoreEnv(service)
+            CoreNativeManager.initCoreEnv(service)
            if (service != null && processFinder == null && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
                processFinder = XrayProcessFinder(service)
                coreController.registerProcessFinder(processFinder)
            }
        }

-    /**
-     * Starts the V2Ray service from a toggle action.
-     * @param context The context from which the service is started.
-     * @return True if the service was started successfully, false otherwise.
-     */
-    fun startVServiceFromToggle(context: Context): Boolean {
-        if (MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrEmpty()) {
-            context.toast(R.string.app_tile_first_use)
-            return false
-        }
-        startContextService(context)
-        return true
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Starts the V2Ray service.
-     * @param context The context from which the service is started.
-     * @param guid The GUID of the server configuration to use (optional).
-     */
-    fun startVService(context: Context, guid: String? = null) {
-        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: startVService from ${context::class.java.simpleName}")
-
-        if (guid != null) {
-            MmkvManager.setSelectServer(guid)
-        }
-
-        startContextService(context)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Stops the V2Ray service.
-     * @param context The context from which the service is stopped.
-     */
-    fun stopVService(context: Context) {
-        //context.toast(R.string.toast_services_stop)
-        MessageUtil.sendMsg2Service(context, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP, "")
-    }
-
    /**
     * Checks if the V2Ray service is running.
     * @return True if the service is running, false otherwise.
@@ -98,72 +77,13 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
     */
    fun getRunningServerName() = currentConfig?.remarks.orEmpty()

-    /**
-     * Starts the context service for V2Ray.
-     * Chooses between VPN service or Proxy-only service based on user settings.
-     * @param context The context from which the service is started.
-     */
-    private fun startContextService(context: Context) {
-        if (coreController.isRunning) {
-            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core already running")
-            return
-        }
-
-        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
-        if (guid == null) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: No server selected")
-            return
-        }
-
-        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
-        if (config == null) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to decode server config")
-            return
-        }
-
-        if (config.configType != EConfigType.CUSTOM
-            && config.configType != EConfigType.POLICYGROUP
-            && !Utils.isValidUrl(config.server)
-            && !Utils.isPureIpAddress(config.server.orEmpty())
-        ) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Invalid server configuration")
-            return
-        }
-        // refresh socks port when enabled dynamic socks port
-        SettingsManager.refreshRuntimeSocksPort()
-
-//        val result = V2rayConfigUtil.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
-//        if (!result.status) return
-
-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PROXY_SHARING)) {
-            context.toast(R.string.toast_warning_pref_proxysharing_short)
-        } else {
-            context.toast(R.string.toast_services_start)
-        }
-
-        val isVpnMode = SettingsManager.isVpnMode()
-        val intent = if (isVpnMode) {
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting VPN service")
-            Intent(context.applicationContext, V2RayVpnService::class.java)
-        } else {
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting Proxy service")
-            Intent(context.applicationContext, V2RayProxyOnlyService::class.java)
-        }
-
-        try {
-            ContextCompat.startForegroundService(context, intent)
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to start service", e)
-        }
-    }
-
    /**
     * Refer to the official documentation for [registerReceiver](https://developer.android.com/reference/androidx/core/content/ContextCompat#registerReceiver(android.content.Context,android.content.BroadcastReceiver,android.content.IntentFilter,int):
     * `registerReceiver(Context, BroadcastReceiver, IntentFilter, int)`.
     * Starts the V2Ray core service.
     */
    fun startCoreLoop(vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor?): Boolean {
-        if (coreController.isRunning) {
+        if (isRunning()) {
            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core already running")
            return false
        }
@@ -174,67 +94,88 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            return false
        }

-        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
-        if (guid == null) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: No server selected")
+        try {
+            doStartCoreLoop(service, vpnInterface)
+            return true
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            val message = e.message?.takeUnless { it.isBlank() } ?: e.javaClass.simpleName
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: $message", e)
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_FAILURE, message)
+            NotificationManager.cancelNotification()
            return false
        }
+    }

-        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
-        if (config == null) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to decode server config")
-            return false
-        }
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    private fun doStartCoreLoop(service: Service, vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor?) {
+        val mFilter = IntentFilter(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE)
+        mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_ON)
+        mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_OFF)
+        mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_PRESENT)
+        ContextCompat.registerReceiver(service, mMsgReceive, mFilter, Utils.receiverFlags())
+
+        currentVpnInterface = vpnInterface
+        launchCore(service, vpnInterface)
+        startNetworkMonitor(service)
+    }
+
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    private fun launchCore(service: Service, vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor?, isReload: Boolean = false) {
+        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer() ?: error("No server selected")
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: error("Failed to decode server config")

        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting core loop for ${config.remarks}")
-        val result = V2rayConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(service, guid)
+        val result = CoreConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(service, guid)
        LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, result.content)
        if (!result.status) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to get V2Ray config")
-            return false
-        }
-
-        try {
-            val mFilter = IntentFilter(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE)
-            mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_ON)
-            mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_OFF)
-            mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_PRESENT)
-            ContextCompat.registerReceiver(service, mMsgReceive, mFilter, Utils.receiverFlags())
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to register receiver", e)
-            return false
+            error(result.errorMessage.ifBlank { "Failed to get V2Ray config" })
        }

        currentConfig = config
        var tunFd = vpnInterface?.fd ?: 0
+        val dialerMode = BrowserDialerMode.from(config.browserDialerMode)
+        val dialerAddr = if (dialerMode != null) {
+            "127.0.0.1:${Utils.findRandomFreePort()}"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        }
        if (SettingsManager.isUsingHevTun()) {
            tunFd = 0
        }

-        try {
-            NotificationManager.showNotification(currentConfig)
-            coreController.startLoop(result.content, tunFd)
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to start core loop", e)
-            return false
+        NotificationManager.showNotification(currentConfig)
+        if (dialerAddr.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+            CoreNativeManager.reconcileBrowserDialer(dialerAddr)
+        }
+        coreController.startLoop(result.content, tunFd)
+
+        if (!isRunning()) {
+            error("Core failed to start")
        }

-        if (coreController.isRunning == false) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core failed to start")
-            MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_FAILURE, "")
-            NotificationManager.cancelNotification()
-            return false
+        if (browserDialer != null) {
+            browserDialer!!.stop()
+            browserDialer = null
+        }
+        when (dialerMode) {
+            BrowserDialerMode.OKHTTP -> {
+                browserDialer = DialerNativeService()
+                browserDialer!!.start(service, dialerAddr)
+            }
+
+            BrowserDialerMode.WEBVIEW -> {
+                browserDialer = DialerWebviewService()
+                browserDialer!!.start(service, dialerAddr)
+            }
+
+            else -> {}
        }

-        try {
-            MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_SUCCESS, "")
-            NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core started successfully")
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to complete startup", e)
-            return false
+        if (!isReload) {
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_SUCCESS, "")
        }
-        return true
+        NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification()
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core started successfully")
    }

    /**
@@ -245,7 +186,11 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
    fun stopCoreLoop(): Boolean {
        val service = getService() ?: return false

-        if (coreController.isRunning) {
+        networkMonitor?.unregister()
+        networkMonitor = null
+        currentVpnInterface = null
+
+        if (isRunning()) {
            CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
                try {
                    coreController.stopLoop()
@@ -255,7 +200,14 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            }
        }

-        MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP_SUCCESS, "")
+        // Close existing browser dialer
+        CoreNativeManager.reconcileBrowserDialer("")
+        if (browserDialer != null) {
+            browserDialer!!.stop()
+            browserDialer = null
+        }
+
+        MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP_SUCCESS, "")
        NotificationManager.cancelNotification()

        try {
@@ -268,13 +220,87 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
    }

    /**
-     * Queries the statistics for a given tag and link.
-     * @param tag The tag to query.
-     * @param link The link to query.
-     * @return The statistics value.
+     * Subscribes to upstream network changes for whichever run mode is active.
+     * All three services share this manager, so the tunnel recovers from a handover in proxy only
+     * and root mode as well, not just behind the VPN interface.
     */
-    fun queryStats(tag: String, link: String): Long {
-        return coreController.queryStats(tag, link)
+    private fun startNetworkMonitor(service: Service) {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.P) return
+        if (networkMonitor != null) return
+
+        val connectivity = service.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE) as? ConnectivityManager ?: return
+        networkMonitor = NetworkMonitor(
+            connectivity = connectivity,
+            onUnderlyingNetworksChanged = { networks -> serviceControl?.get()?.setUnderlyingNetworks(networks) },
+            onHandover = { reloadCore() },
+        ).also { it.register() }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Restarts the core in place after the upstream network changed: the service, the notification
+     * and the VPN interface all stay up, so nothing of this is visible.
+     *
+     * The config is rebuilt on purpose, outbound server domains are resolved while building it and
+     * an address resolved on a network that is gone can be unusable on the new one.
+     *
+     * @return True if the core is running again.
+     */
+    private fun reloadCore(): Boolean {
+        if (isReloading) return false
+        val service = getService() ?: return false
+        if (!isRunning()) return false
+
+        return try {
+            val tunFd = currentVpnInterface
+
+            isReloading = true
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core reload start...")
+
+            coreController.stopLoop()
+            launchCore(service, tunFd, isReload = true)
+
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core reload finished")
+            true
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            val message = e.message?.takeUnless { it.isBlank() } ?: e.javaClass.simpleName
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to reload core: $message", e)
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_FAILURE, message)
+            false
+        } finally {
+            isReloading = false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries and resets all outbound traffic counters in one core call.
+     * Go side format: tag,direction,value;tag,direction,value;
+     */
+    fun queryAllOutboundTrafficStats(): List<OutboundTrafficStat> {
+        // The stats manager is gone once the core stops, querying it then reaches into freed state.
+        if (!isRunning()) return emptyList()
+
+        val payload = coreController.queryAllOutboundTrafficStats()
+
+        val result = ArrayList<OutboundTrafficStat>()
+
+        payload.split(';').forEach { entry ->
+            if (entry.isBlank()) return@forEach
+
+            val parts = entry.split(',', limit = 3)
+            if (parts.size != 3) return@forEach
+
+            val value = parts[2].toLongOrNull() ?: return@forEach
+
+            result.add(
+                OutboundTrafficStat(
+                    tag = parts[0],
+                    direction = parts[1],
+                    value = value,
+                )
+            )
+        }
+//        LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "Queried outbound traffic stats: $result")
+        return result
    }

    /**
@@ -283,7 +309,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
     * Also fetches remote IP information if the delay test was successful.
     */
    private fun measureV2rayDelay() {
-        if (coreController.isRunning == false) {
+        if (!isRunning()) {
            return
        }

@@ -296,30 +322,25 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
                time = coreController.measureDelay(SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl())
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to measure delay", e)
-                errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":") ?: "empty message"
+                errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":").orEmpty()
            }
            if (time == -1L) {
                try {
                    time = coreController.measureDelay(SettingsManager.getDelayTestUrl(true))
                } catch (e: Exception) {
                    LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to measure delay", e)
-                    errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":") ?: "empty message"
+                    errorStr = e.message?.substringAfter("\":").orEmpty()
                }
            }

-            val result = if (time >= 0) {
-                service.getString(R.string.connection_test_available, time)
-            } else {
-                service.getString(R.string.connection_test_error, errorStr)
-            }
-            MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS, result)
-
-            // Only fetch IP info if the delay test was successful
-            if (time >= 0) {
-                SpeedtestManager.getRemoteIPInfo()?.let { ip ->
-                    MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS, "$result\n$ip")
-                }
-            }
+            val endpoint = if (time >= 0) SpeedtestManager.getRemoteIPInfo() else null
+            val result = ConnectionTestResult(
+                delayMillis = time,
+                errorMessage = errorStr,
+                country = endpoint?.country,
+                ipAddress = endpoint?.ipAddress,
+            )
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_RESULT, result)
        }
    }

@@ -341,6 +362,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
         * @return 0 for success, any other value for failure.
         */
        override fun startup(): Long {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: CoreCallback startup")
            return 0
        }

@@ -349,14 +371,8 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
         * @return 0 for success, any other value for failure.
         */
        override fun shutdown(): Long {
-            val serviceControl = serviceControl?.get() ?: return -1
-            return try {
-                serviceControl.stopService()
-                0
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to stop service", e)
-                -1
-            }
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: CoreCallback shutdown")
+            return 0
        }

        /**
@@ -366,6 +382,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
         * @return Always returns 0.
         */
        override fun onEmitStatus(l: Long, s: String?): Long {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: CoreCallback onEmitStatus $s")
            return 0
        }
    }
@@ -401,7 +418,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
                //LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "ProcessFinder: Find $network connection from $srcIP:$srcPort to $destIP:$destPort, uid=$uid,${PackageUidResolver.uidToPackageName(uid.toString())}")

                uid
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
+            } catch (_: Exception) {
                -1L
            }
        }
@@ -422,10 +439,10 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            val serviceControl = serviceControl?.get() ?: return
            when (intent?.getIntExtra("key", 0)) {
                AppConfig.MSG_REGISTER_CLIENT -> {
-                    if (coreController.isRunning) {
-                        MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(serviceControl.getService(), AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RUNNING, "")
+                    if (isRunning()) {
+                        MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(serviceControl.getService(), AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RUNNING, "")
                    } else {
-                        MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(serviceControl.getService(), AppConfig.MSG_STATE_NOT_RUNNING, "")
+                        MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(serviceControl.getService(), AppConfig.MSG_STATE_NOT_RUNNING, "")
                    }
                }

@@ -444,9 +461,20 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {

                AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RESTART -> {
                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Restart service")
-                    serviceControl.stopService()
-                    Thread.sleep(500L)
-                    startVService(serviceControl.getService())
+                    // The UI and daemon run in separate processes, so acknowledge the active
+                    // daemon before stopping it instead of relying on possibly stale UI state.
+                    if (isOrderedBroadcast) resultCode = Activity.RESULT_OK
+
+                    val pendingResult = goAsync()
+                    CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.Default).launch {
+                        try {
+                            serviceControl.stopService()
+                            delay(500L)
+                            LauncherManager.startService(serviceControl.getService())
+                        } finally {
+                            pendingResult.finish()
+                        }
+                    }
                }

                AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY -> {
@@ -457,14 +485,14 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            when (intent?.action) {
                Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_OFF -> {
                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Screen off")
-                    NotificationManager.stopSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
+                    NotificationManager.stopSpeedNotification()
                }

                Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_ON -> {
                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Screen on")
-                    NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
+                    NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification()
                }
            }
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isComplexType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toastError
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.helper.MessageHelper
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreProxyOnlyService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreRootService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreVpnService
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+object LauncherManager {
+
+    fun startServiceFromToggle(context: Context): Boolean {
+        if (MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            context.toast(R.string.app_tile_first_use)
+            return false
+        }
+        try {
+            startContextService(context)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: ${e.message}", e)
+            context.toast(e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    fun startService(context: Context, guid: String? = null) {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: startService from ${context::class.java.simpleName}")
+
+        if (guid != null) {
+            MmkvManager.setSelectServer(guid)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            startContextService(context)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: ${e.message}", e)
+            context.toast(e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun stopService(context: Context) {
+        //context.toast(R.string.toast_services_stop)
+        MessageHelper.sendMsg2Service(context, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP, "")
+    }
+
+    /** Restarts the active daemon without starting a stopped service. */
+    fun restartService(context: Context) {
+        MessageHelper.sendMsg2Service(context, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RESTART, "")
+    }
+
+    /** Restarts the active daemon, or delegates to the caller's permission-aware start flow. */
+    fun restartServiceOrStart(context: Context, startIfStopped: () -> Unit) {
+        MessageHelper.sendMsg2ServiceForResult(context, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RESTART, "") { handled ->
+            if (!handled) startIfStopped()
+        }
+    }
+
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    private fun startContextService(context: Context) {
+        // Note: isRunning check is removed here to avoid loading Native libraries in the UI process.
+        // The check is performed in CoreServiceManager when the service starts in the daemon process.
+
+        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
+            ?: run {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: No server selected")
+                error(context.getString(R.string.app_tile_first_use))
+            }
+
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
+            ?: run {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Failed to decode server config")
+                error(context.getString(R.string.toast_config_file_invalid))
+            }
+
+        if (!config.configType.isComplexType()
+            && !Utils.isValidUrl(config.server)
+            && !Utils.isPureIpAddress(config.server.orEmpty())
+        ) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Invalid server configuration")
+            error(context.getString(R.string.toast_config_file_invalid))
+        }
+
+        SettingsManager.refreshRuntimeSocksPort()
+
+        if (config.insecure == true && config.pinnedCA256.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            context.toastError(R.string.toast_allow_insecure_deprecated)
+            Utils.setClipboard(context, context.getString(R.string.toast_allow_insecure_deprecated))
+        }
+
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PROXY_SHARING)) {
+            context.toast(R.string.toast_warning_pref_proxysharing_short)
+        } else {
+            context.toast(R.string.toast_services_start)
+        }
+
+        val isRootMode = SettingsManager.isRootMode()
+        if (isRootMode && !RootManager.isRootAvailable()) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: root mode requires root but none available")
+            error(context.getString(R.string.toast_root_required))
+        }
+
+        val intent = if (isRootMode) {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Starting Root service")
+            Intent(context.applicationContext, CoreRootService::class.java)
+        } else if (SettingsManager.isVpnMode()) {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Starting VPN service")
+            Intent(context.applicationContext, CoreVpnService::class.java)
+        } else {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Starting Proxy service")
+            Intent(context.applicationContext, CoreProxyOnlyService::class.java)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            ContextCompat.startForegroundService(context, intent)
+        } catch (e: SecurityException) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Missing permission to start foreground service", e)
+            throw IllegalStateException(e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName, e)
+        } catch (e: RuntimeException) {
+            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.S &&
+                e.javaClass.name == "android.app.ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException"
+            ) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Foreground service start not allowed", e)
+                throw IllegalStateException(e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName, e)
+            }
+            throw e
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.dto

-import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable
-
 data class AppInfo(
    val appName: String,
    val packageName: String,
-    val appIcon: Drawable,
    val isSystemApp: Boolean,
    var isSelected: Int
 )
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class CertSha256Request(
+    val address: String = "",
+    val port: Int = 443,
+    val serverName: String? = null,
+    val timeoutMs: Long = 5000L,
+)
+
+data class CertSha256Result(
+    val sha256: String = "",
+    val error: String = "",
+)
@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@ data class ConfigResult(
    var status: Boolean,
    var guid: String? = null,
    var content: String = "",
+    var errorMessage: String = "",
 )

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import java.io.Serializable
+
+/** Locale-neutral result sent from the daemon for presentation by the UI process. */
+data class ConnectionTestResult(
+    val delayMillis: Long,
+    val errorMessage: String = "",
+    val country: String? = null,
+    val ipAddress: String? = null,
+) : Serializable
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.CoreResolvedType
+
+data class CoreConfigContext(
+    val context: Context,
+    val guid: String,
+    val isCustom: Boolean = false,
+    val resolvedOutbounds: List<ResolvedOutbound> = emptyList(),
+    val routingDomainRules: List<RoutingDomainRule> = emptyList(),
+) {
+    data class ResolvedOutbound(
+        val tag: String,
+        val profile: ProfileItem,
+        val resolvedProfiles: List<ProfileItem>,
+        val resolvedType: CoreResolvedType,
+    )
+
+    data class RoutingDomainRule(
+        val domain: List<String>,
+        val outboundTag: String,
+    )
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class LocateTarget(
+    val groupId: String,
+    val serverGuid: String,
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class OutboundTrafficStat(
+    val tag: String,
+    val direction: String,
+    val value: Long,
+)
@@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
-
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.LOOPBACK
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_PROXY
-import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
-
-data class ProfileItem(
-    val configVersion: Int = 4,
-    val configType: EConfigType,
-    var subscriptionId: String = "",
-    var addedTime: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
-
-    var remarks: String = "",
-    var description: String? = null,
-    var server: String? = null,
-    var serverPort: String? = null,
-
-    var password: String? = null,
-    var method: String? = null,
-    var flow: String? = null,
-    var username: String? = null,
-
-    var network: String? = null,
-    var headerType: String? = null,
-    var host: String? = null,
-    var path: String? = null,
-    var seed: String? = null,
-    var kcpMtu: Int? = null,
-    var kcpTti: Int? = null,
-
-    var quicSecurity: String? = null,
-    var quicKey: String? = null,
-    var mode: String? = null,
-    var serviceName: String? = null,
-    var authority: String? = null,
-    var xhttpMode: String? = null,
-    var xhttpExtra: String? = null,
-    var finalMask: String? = null,
-    var security: String? = null,
-    var sni: String? = null,
-    var alpn: String? = null,
-    var fingerPrint: String? = null,
-    var insecure: Boolean? = null,
-    var echConfigList: String? = null,
-    var pinnedCA256: String? = null,
-
-    var publicKey: String? = null,
-    var shortId: String? = null,
-    var spiderX: String? = null,
-    var mldsa65Verify: String? = null,
-
-    var secretKey: String? = null,
-    var preSharedKey: String? = null,
-    var localAddress: String? = null,
-    var reserved: String? = null,
-    var mtu: Int? = null,
-
-    var obfsPassword: String? = null,
-    var portHopping: String? = null,
-    var portHoppingInterval: String? = null,
-    var pinSHA256: String? = null,
-    var bandwidthDown: String? = null,
-    var bandwidthUp: String? = null,
-
-    var policyGroupType: String? = null,
-    var policyGroupSubscriptionId: String? = null,
-    var policyGroupFilter: String? = null,
-
-    ) {
-    companion object {
-        fun create(configType: EConfigType): ProfileItem {
-            return ProfileItem(configType = configType)
-        }
-    }
-
-    fun getAllOutboundTags(): MutableList<String> {
-        return mutableListOf(TAG_PROXY, TAG_DIRECT, TAG_BLOCKED)
-    }
-
-    fun getServerAddressAndPort(): String {
-        if (server.isNullOrEmpty() && configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
-            return "$LOOPBACK:$PORT_SOCKS"
-        }
-        return Utils.getIpv6Address(server) + ":" + serverPort
-    }
-
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        if (other == null) return false
-        val obj = other as ProfileItem
-
-        return (this.server == obj.server
-                && this.serverPort == obj.serverPort
-                && this.password == obj.password
-                && this.method == obj.method
-                && this.flow == obj.flow
-                && this.username == obj.username
-
-                && this.network == obj.network
-                && this.headerType == obj.headerType
-                && this.host == obj.host
-                && this.path == obj.path
-                && this.seed == obj.seed
-                && this.kcpMtu == obj.kcpMtu
-                && this.kcpTti == obj.kcpTti
-                && this.quicSecurity == obj.quicSecurity
-                && this.quicKey == obj.quicKey
-                && this.mode == obj.mode
-                && this.serviceName == obj.serviceName
-                && this.authority == obj.authority
-                && this.xhttpMode == obj.xhttpMode
-
-                && this.security == obj.security
-                && this.sni == obj.sni
-                && this.alpn == obj.alpn
-                && this.fingerPrint == obj.fingerPrint
-                && this.publicKey == obj.publicKey
-                && this.shortId == obj.shortId
-
-                && this.secretKey == obj.secretKey
-                && this.localAddress == obj.localAddress
-                && this.reserved == obj.reserved
-                && this.mtu == obj.mtu
-
-                && this.obfsPassword == obj.obfsPassword
-                && this.portHopping == obj.portHopping
-                && this.portHoppingInterval == obj.portHoppingInterval
-                && this.pinnedCA256 == obj.pinnedCA256
-                )
-    }
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+sealed class RealPingEvent {
+
+    /** Periodic progress update while the batch is still running. */
+    data class Progress(val text: String) : RealPingEvent()
+
+    /** A single server result is available. */
+    data class Result(val guid: String, val delayMillis: Long) : RealPingEvent()
+
+    /** The entire batch has finished or been cancelled. */
+    data class Finish(val status: String) : RealPingEvent()
+}
+
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
-
-data class ServerAffiliationInfo(var testDelayMillis: Long = 0L) {
-    fun getTestDelayString(): String {
-        if (testDelayMillis == 0L) {
-            return ""
-        }
-        return testDelayMillis.toString() + "ms"
-    }
-}
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
-
-data class ServersCache(
-    val guid: String,
-    val profile: ProfileItem
-)
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import java.io.Serializable
+
+data class SubscriptionUpdateMessage(
+    val key: Int,
+    val forcedUpdate: Boolean,
+    val subIds: List<String> = listOf()
+) : Serializable
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import java.io.Serializable
 data class TestServiceMessage(
    val key: Int,
    val subscriptionId: String = "",
-    val serverGuids: List<String> = emptyList()
+    val serverGuids: List<String> = emptyList(),
+    val onlyTcp: Boolean = false
 ) : Serializable

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import com.google.gson.Gson
+import com.google.gson.reflect.TypeToken
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+
+data class Contributor(
+    val name: String,
+    val displayName: String? = null,
+    val url: String? = null
+)
+
+data class TranslatorsCredit(
+    val language: String,
+    val contributors: List<Contributor>
+)
+
+object TranslatorsParser {
+
+    private val gson = Gson()
+
+    fun parse(json: String): List<TranslatorsCredit> {
+        if (json.isBlank()) return emptyList()
+
+        return try {
+            val type = object : TypeToken<List<TranslatorsCredit>>() {}.type
+            gson.fromJson<List<TranslatorsCredit>>(json, type).orEmpty()
+                .filter { it.language.isNotBlank() && it.contributors.isNotEmpty() }
+                .distinctBy { it.language }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse translators.json", e)
+            emptyList()
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class UrlContentRequest(
+    val url: String?,
+    val timeout: Int = 15000,
+    val httpPort: Int = 0,
+    val proxyUsername: String? = null,
+    val proxyPassword: String? = null,
+    val userAgent: String? = null,
+    val requestHeaders: String? = null
+)
@@ -68,71 +68,38 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        var protocol: String,
        var settings: OutSettingsBean? = null,
        var streamSettings: StreamSettingsBean? = null,
-        val proxySettings: Any? = null,
        val sendThrough: String? = null,
        var mux: MuxBean? = MuxBean(false)
    ) {
        data class OutSettingsBean(
-            var vnext: List<VnextBean>? = null,
-            var servers: List<ServersBean>? = null,
-            /*Blackhole*/
-            var response: Response? = null,
-            /*DNS*/
-            val network: String? = null,
+            /*Common */
            var address: Any? = null,
            var port: Int? = null,
-            /*Freedom*/
-            var domainStrategy: String? = null,
-            val redirect: String? = null,
-            val userLevel: Int? = null,
-            /*Loopback*/
-            val inboundTag: String? = null,
+            var level: Int? = null,
+            var email: String? = null,
+            /*HTTP/SOCKS*/
+            var user: String? = null,
+            var pass: String? = null,
+            var headers: Map<String, String>? = null,
+            /*VMess/VLESS*/
+            var id: String? = null,
+            var security: String? = null,
+            var encryption: String? = null,
+            /*VLESS*/
+            var flow: String? = null,
+            /*Trojan/Shadowsocks*/
+            var password: String? = null,
+            /*Shadowsocks*/
+            var method: String? = null,
+            /*Hysteria/Hysteria2*/
+            var version: Int? = null,
            /*Wireguard*/
            var secretKey: String? = null,
            val peers: List<WireGuardBean>? = null,
            var reserved: List<Int>? = null,
            var mtu: Int? = null,
-            var obfsPassword: String? = null,
-            var version: Int? = null,
+            var domainStrategy: String? = null,
        ) {
-
-            data class VnextBean(
-                var address: String = "",
-                var port: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_PORT,
-                var users: List<UsersBean>
-            ) {
-
-                data class UsersBean(
-                    var id: String = "",
-                    var alterId: Int? = null,
-                    var security: String? = null,
-                    var level: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL,
-                    var encryption: String? = null,
-                    var flow: String? = null
-                )
-            }
-
-            data class ServersBean(
-                var address: String = "",
-                var method: String? = null,
-                var ota: Boolean = false,
-                var password: String? = null,
-                var port: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_PORT,
-                var level: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL,
-                val email: String? = null,
-                var flow: String? = null,
-                val ivCheck: Boolean? = null,
-                var users: List<SocksUsersBean>? = null
-            ) {
-                data class SocksUsersBean(
-                    var user: String = "",
-                    var pass: String = "",
-                    var level: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
-                )
-            }
-
-            data class Response(var type: String)
-
            data class WireGuardBean(
                var publicKey: String = "",
                var preSharedKey: String? = null,
@@ -141,7 +108,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        }

        data class StreamSettingsBean(
-            var network: String = AppConfig.DEFAULT_NETWORK,
+            var network: String? = AppConfig.DEFAULT_NETWORK,
            var security: String? = null,
            var tcpSettings: TcpSettingsBean? = null,
            var kcpSettings: KcpSettingsBean? = null,
@@ -181,7 +148,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                            @SerializedName("Accept-Encoding")
                            val acceptEncoding: List<String>? = null,
                            val Connection: List<String>? = null,
-                            val Pragma: String? = null
+                            val Pragma: Any? = null
                        )
                    }
                }
@@ -199,13 +166,12 @@ data class V2rayConfig(

            data class WsSettingsBean(
                var path: String? = null,
-                var headers: HeadersBean = HeadersBean(),
+                var host: String? = null,
+                var headers: Map<String, String>? = null,
                val maxEarlyData: Int? = null,
                val useBrowserForwarding: Boolean? = null,
                val acceptProxyProtocol: Boolean? = null
-            ) {
-                data class HeadersBean(var Host: String = "")
-            }
+            )

            data class HttpupgradeSettingsBean(
                var path: String? = null,
@@ -256,9 +222,9 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                val disableSystemRoot: Boolean? = null,
                val enableSessionResumption: Boolean? = null,
                var echConfigList: String? = null,
+                var verifyPeerCertByName: String? = null,
                var pinnedPeerCertSha256: String? = null,
                // REALITY settings
-                val show: Boolean = false,
                var publicKey: String? = null,
                var shortId: String? = null,
                var spiderX: String? = null,
@@ -298,12 +264,13 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                ) {
                    data class MaskSettingsBean(
                        val password: String? = null,
-                        val domain: String? = null,
+                        val header: String? = null,
+                        val value: String? = null,
                        // fragment
                        val packets: String? = null,
                        val length: String? = null,
                        val delay: String? = null,
-                        // val maxSplit: String? = null,
+                        val maxSplit: String? = null,
                        // noise
                        val reset: Int? = null,
                        val noise: List<NoiseMaskBean>? = null
@@ -341,45 +308,19 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        )

        fun getServerAddress(): String? {
-            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VMESS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.vnext?.first()?.address
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.servers?.first()?.address
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
-                return settings?.peers?.first()?.endpoint?.substringBeforeLast(":")
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.address as String?
+            return if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
+                settings?.peers?.firstOrNull()?.endpoint?.substringBeforeLast(":")
+            } else {
+                settings?.address as? String
            }
-            return null
        }

        fun getServerPort(): Int? {
-            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VMESS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.vnext?.first()?.port
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.servers?.first()?.port
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
-                return settings?.peers?.first()?.endpoint?.substringAfterLast(":")?.toInt()
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.port
+            return if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
+                settings?.peers?.firstOrNull()?.endpoint?.substringAfterLast(":")?.toIntOrNull()
+            } else {
+                settings?.port
            }
-            return null
        }

        fun ensureSockopt(): StreamSettingsBean.SockoptBean {
@@ -401,6 +342,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        val clientIp: String? = null,
        val disableCache: Boolean? = null,
        val queryStrategy: String? = null,
+        val enableParallelQuery: Boolean? = null,
        val tag: String? = null
    ) {
        data class ServersBean(
@@ -495,6 +437,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        data class PingConfigObject(
            val destination: String,
            val connectivity: String? = null,
+            val httpMethod: String? = null,
            val interval: String,
            val sampling: Int,
            val timeout: String? = null
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.BalancerStrategyType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
+
+@Suppress("PropertyName")
+data class V2rayNShareItem(
+    val IndexId: String?,
+    val ConfigType: Int?,
+    // val CoreType: Int?,
+    val ConfigVersion: Int?,
+    val Subid: String?,
+    val IsSub: Boolean?,
+    val PreSocksPort: Int?,
+    // val DisplayLog: Boolean?,
+    val Remarks: String?,
+    val Address: String?,
+    val Port: Int?,
+    val Password: String?,
+    val Username: String?,
+    val Network: String?,
+    val StreamSecurity: String?,
+    val AllowInsecure: String?,
+    val Sni: String?,
+    val Alpn: String?,
+    val Fingerprint: String?,
+    val PublicKey: String?,
+    val ShortId: String?,
+    val SpiderX: String?,
+    val Mldsa65Verify: String?,
+    // val MuxEnabled: Boolean?,
+    // val Cert: String?,
+    val CertSha: String?,
+    val EchConfigList: String?,
+    val VerifyPeerCertByName: String?,
+    val Finalmask: String?,
+    val ProtoExtraObj: V2rayNProtocolExtraShareItem?,
+    val TransportExtraObj: V2rayNTransportExtraShareItem?,
+) {
+    data class V2rayNProtocolExtraShareItem(
+        val AlterId: Int?,
+        val VmessSecurity: String?,
+        val Flow: String?,
+        val VlessEncryption: String?,
+        val SsMethod: String?,
+        val WgPublicKey: String?,
+        val WgPresharedKey: String?,
+        val WgInterfaceAddress: String?,
+        val WgReserved: String?,
+        val WgMtu: Int?,
+        val SalamanderPass: String?,
+        val UpMbps: Int?,
+        val DownMbps: Int?,
+        val Ports: String?,
+        val HopInterval: String?,
+        val GroupType: String?,
+        val ChildItems: String?,
+        val SubChildItems: String?,
+        val Filter: String?,
+        val MultipleLoad: Int?,
+    )
+
+    data class V2rayNTransportExtraShareItem(
+        val RawHeaderType: String?,
+        val Host: String?,
+        val Path: String?,
+        val XhttpMode: String?,
+        val XhttpExtra: String?,
+        val GrpcAuthority: String?,
+        val GrpcServiceName: String?,
+        val GrpcMode: String?,
+        val KcpHeaderType: String?,
+        val KcpSeed: String?,
+        val KcpMtu: Int?,
+    )
+
+    fun toProfileItem(): ProfileItem {
+        val configType = when (ConfigType) {
+            1 -> EConfigType.VMESS
+            2 -> EConfigType.CUSTOM
+            3 -> EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS
+            4 -> EConfigType.SOCKS
+            5 -> EConfigType.VLESS
+            6 -> EConfigType.TROJAN
+            7 -> EConfigType.HYSTERIA2
+            // 8 -> EConfigType.TUIC
+            9 -> EConfigType.WIREGUARD
+            10 -> EConfigType.HTTP
+            101 -> EConfigType.POLICYGROUP
+            102 -> EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN
+            else -> error("Unknown ConfigType: $ConfigType")
+        }
+        val network = if (configType == EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) "hysteria" else
+            when (Network) {
+                "raw" -> "tcp"
+                else -> NetworkType.fromString(Network).type
+            }
+        val profile = ProfileItem(
+            configType = configType,
+            remarks = Remarks.orEmpty(),
+            server = Address.orEmpty(),
+            serverPort = Port.toString(),
+            password = Password.orEmpty(),
+            method = when (configType) {
+                EConfigType.VMESS -> ProtoExtraObj?.VmessSecurity.orEmpty()
+                EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS -> ProtoExtraObj?.SsMethod.orEmpty()
+                EConfigType.VLESS -> ProtoExtraObj?.VlessEncryption.orEmpty()
+                else -> null
+            },
+            flow = ProtoExtraObj?.Flow.orEmpty(),
+            username = Username.orEmpty(),
+            network = network,
+            headerType = when (network) {
+                NetworkType.TCP.type -> TransportExtraObj?.RawHeaderType
+                NetworkType.KCP.type -> TransportExtraObj?.KcpHeaderType
+                else -> null
+            },
+            host = TransportExtraObj?.Host,
+            path = TransportExtraObj?.Path,
+            seed = TransportExtraObj?.KcpSeed,
+            kcpMtu = TransportExtraObj?.KcpMtu,
+            mode = TransportExtraObj?.GrpcMode,
+            serviceName = TransportExtraObj?.GrpcServiceName,
+            authority = TransportExtraObj?.GrpcAuthority,
+            xhttpMode = TransportExtraObj?.XhttpMode,
+            xhttpExtra = TransportExtraObj?.XhttpExtra,
+            finalMask = Finalmask,
+            security = StreamSecurity,
+            sni = Sni,
+            alpn = Alpn,
+            fingerPrint = Fingerprint,
+            insecure = AllowInsecure?.toBoolean(),
+            echConfigList = EchConfigList,
+            verifyPeerCertByName = VerifyPeerCertByName,
+            pinnedCA256 = CertSha,
+            publicKey = PublicKey,
+            shortId = ShortId,
+            spiderX = SpiderX,
+            mldsa65Verify = Mldsa65Verify,
+            secretKey = if (configType == EConfigType.WIREGUARD) Password else null,
+            preSharedKey = ProtoExtraObj?.WgPresharedKey,
+            localAddress = ProtoExtraObj?.WgInterfaceAddress,
+            reserved = ProtoExtraObj?.WgReserved,
+            mtu = ProtoExtraObj?.WgMtu,
+            obfsPassword = ProtoExtraObj?.SalamanderPass,
+            portHopping = ProtoExtraObj?.Ports,
+            portHoppingInterval = ProtoExtraObj?.HopInterval,
+            bandwidthDown = ProtoExtraObj?.DownMbps?.takeIf { it > 0 }?.let { "${it}Mbps" },
+            bandwidthUp = ProtoExtraObj?.UpMbps?.takeIf { it > 0 }?.let { "${it}Mbps" },
+            policyGroupType = when (ProtoExtraObj?.MultipleLoad) {
+                2 -> BalancerStrategyType.RANDOM.policyGroupType
+                3 -> BalancerStrategyType.ROUND_ROBIN.policyGroupType
+                4 -> BalancerStrategyType.LEAST_LOAD.policyGroupType
+                else -> BalancerStrategyType.LEAST_PING.policyGroupType
+            },
+            // NOTE: not safe, suggest converting and rewriting
+            // policyGroupSubscriptionId = ProtoExtraObj?.SubChildItems,
+            policyGroupSubscriptionId = if (ProtoExtraObj?.SubChildItems == "self") "self" else null,
+            policyGroupFilter = ProtoExtraObj?.Filter,
+            // NOTE: proxyChainProfiles stores remarks, not IndexId
+            // proxyChainProfiles = ProtoExtraObj?.ChildItems,
+        )
+        // profile.description =
+        return profile
+    }
+}
@@ -16,5 +16,7 @@ data class VmessQRCode(
    var sni: String = "",
    var alpn: String = "",
    var fp: String = "",
-    var insecure: String = ""
+    var insecure: String = "",
+    var vcn: String = "",
+    var pcs: String = ""
 )
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class AssetUrlCache(
    val guid: String,
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class AssetUrlItem(
    var remarks: String = "",
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+data class ProfileItem(
+    val configVersion: Int = 4,
+    val configType: EConfigType,
+    var subscriptionId: String = "",
+    var addedTime: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
+
+    var remarks: String = "",
+    var description: String? = null,
+    var server: String? = null,
+    var serverPort: String? = null,
+
+    var password: String? = null,
+    var method: String? = null,
+    var flow: String? = null,
+    var username: String? = null,
+
+    var network: String? = null,
+    var headerType: String? = null,
+    var host: String? = null,
+    var path: String? = null,
+    var seed: String? = null,
+    var kcpMtu: Int? = null,
+    var kcpTti: Int? = null,
+
+    var quicSecurity: String? = null,
+    var quicKey: String? = null,
+    var mode: String? = null,
+    var serviceName: String? = null,
+    var authority: String? = null,
+    var xhttpMode: String? = null,
+    var xhttpExtra: String? = null,
+    var finalMask: String? = null,
+
+    var security: String? = null,
+    var sni: String? = null,
+    var alpn: String? = null,
+    var fingerPrint: String? = null,
+    var insecure: Boolean? = null,
+    var echConfigList: String? = null,
+    var verifyPeerCertByName: String? = null,
+    var pinnedCA256: String? = null,
+
+    var publicKey: String? = null,
+    var shortId: String? = null,
+    var spiderX: String? = null,
+    var mldsa65Verify: String? = null,
+
+    var secretKey: String? = null,
+    var preSharedKey: String? = null,
+    var localAddress: String? = null,
+    var reserved: String? = null,
+    var mtu: Int? = null,
+
+    var obfsPassword: String? = null,
+    var portHopping: String? = null,
+    var portHoppingInterval: String? = null,
+    @Deprecated("Use pinnedCA256")
+    var pinSHA256: String? = null,
+    var bandwidthDown: String? = null,
+    var bandwidthUp: String? = null,
+
+    var policyGroupType: String? = null,
+    var policyGroupSubscriptionId: String? = null,
+    var policyGroupFilter: String? = null,
+    var policyGroupTestOutbounds: Boolean? = null,
+    var policyGroupFallbackTag: String? = null,
+    var proxyChainProfiles: String? = null,
+
+    var browserDialerMode: String? = null,
+) {
+
+    companion object {
+        fun create(configType: EConfigType): ProfileItem =
+            ProfileItem(configType = configType)
+    }
+
+    fun getServerAddressAndPort(): String {
+        if (server.isNullOrEmpty() && configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
+            return "${AppConfig.LOOPBACK}:${AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS}"
+        }
+        return "${Utils.getIpv6Address(server)}:$serverPort"
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dedicated identity for "remove duplicate configurations".
+     *
+     * Ignores metadata that does not affect connection:
+     * - configVersion
+     * - subscriptionId
+     * - addedTime
+     * - remarks
+     * - description
+     *
+     * All other fields, including configType, are included in the comparison.
+     *
+     * Returns a copy; the caller must not modify it further.
+     */
+    fun duplicateIdentity(): ProfileItem =
+        copy(
+            configVersion = 0,
+            subscriptionId = "",
+            addedTime = 0L,
+            remarks = "",
+            description = null
+        )
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class RulesetItem(
+    var id: String = "",
    var remarks: String? = "",
    var ip: List<String>? = null,
    var domain: List<String>? = null,
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities
+
+data class ServerAffiliationInfo(var testDelayMillis: Long = 0L)
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities
+
+data class ServersCache(
+    val guid: String,
+    val profile: ProfileItem,
+    val testDelayMillis: Long = 0L,
+)
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class SubscriptionCache(
    val guid: String,
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class SubscriptionItem(
    var remarks: String = "",
@@ -13,5 +13,6 @@ data class SubscriptionItem(
    var filter: String? = null,
    var allowInsecureUrl: Boolean = false,
    var userAgent: String? = null,
+    var requestHeaders: String? = null,
 )

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class WebDavConfig(
    val baseUrl: String,
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ data class WebDavConfig(
    val password: String? = null,
    val remoteBasePath: String = "/",
    val timeoutSeconds: Long = 30
-)
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/**
+ * Load-balancing strategy types supported by xray balancer.
+ *
+ * @param policyGroupType The string value written into the xray config JSON.
+ * @param policyGroupTypeValue The numeric string stored in [com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem.policyGroupType].
+ * @param requiresBurstObservatory Whether this strategy needs a burstObservatory (leastLoad).
+ * @param requiresObservatory Whether this strategy needs an observatory (leastPing).
+ * @param supportsObservatory Whether an observatory can health-filter this strategy.
+ */
+enum class BalancerStrategyType(
+    val policyGroupType: String,
+    val policyGroupTypeValue: String,
+    val requiresBurstObservatory: Boolean = false,
+    val requiresObservatory: Boolean = false,
+    val supportsObservatory: Boolean = false,
+) {
+    LEAST_LOAD("leastLoad", "1", requiresBurstObservatory = true),
+    RANDOM("random", "2", supportsObservatory = true),
+    ROUND_ROBIN("roundRobin", "3", supportsObservatory = true),
+    LEAST_PING("leastPing", "", requiresObservatory = true); // default / else
+
+    companion object {
+        fun from(policyGroupType: String?): BalancerStrategyType =
+            entries.firstOrNull { it.policyGroupTypeValue == policyGroupType } ?: LEAST_PING
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+enum class BrowserDialerMode(val value: String) {
+    OKHTTP("OkHttp"),
+    WEBVIEW("WebView");
+
+    companion object {
+        fun from(value: String?): BrowserDialerMode? = entries.find { it.value == value }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/** Runtime type used during config assembly only. */
+enum class CoreResolvedType {
+    NORMAL,
+    POLICYGROUP,
+    PROXYCHAIN,
+}
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ enum class EConfigType(val value: Int, val protocolScheme: String) {
    HYSTERIA2(9, AppConfig.HYSTERIA2),
    HYSTERIA(900, AppConfig.HYSTERIA),
    HTTP(10, AppConfig.HTTP),
-    POLICYGROUP(101, AppConfig.CUSTOM);
+    POLICYGROUP(101, AppConfig.CUSTOM),
+    PROXYCHAIN(102, AppConfig.CUSTOM);

    companion object {
        fun fromInt(value: Int) = entries.firstOrNull { it.value == value }
@@ -1,20 +1,57 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.enums

-enum class Language(val code: String) {
-    AUTO("auto"),
-    ENGLISH("en"),
-    CHINA("zh-rCN"),
-    TRADITIONAL_CHINESE("zh-rTW"),
-    VIETNAMESE("vi"),
-    RUSSIAN("ru"),
-    PERSIAN("fa"),
-    ARABIC("ar"),
-    BANGLA("bn"),
-    BAKHTIARI("bqi-rIR");
+import androidx.core.os.LocaleListCompat
+import java.util.Locale
+
+enum class Language(val code: String, val languageTag: String) {
+    AUTO("auto", ""),
+    ENGLISH("en", "en"),
+    CHINA("zh-rCN", "zh-CN"),
+    TRADITIONAL_CHINESE("zh-rTW", "zh-TW"),
+    VIETNAMESE("vi", "vi"),
+    RUSSIAN("ru", "ru"),
+    PERSIAN("fa", "fa"),
+    ARABIC("ar", "ar"),
+    BANGLA("bn", "bn"),
+    BAKHTIARI("bqi-rIR", "bqi-IR");
+
+    val locale: Locale?
+        get() = languageTag.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }?.let(Locale::forLanguageTag)
+
+    fun toLocaleList(): LocaleListCompat =
+        if (languageTag.isEmpty()) {
+            LocaleListCompat.getEmptyLocaleList()
+        } else {
+            LocaleListCompat.forLanguageTags(languageTag)
+        }

    companion object {
        fun fromCode(code: String): Language {
            return entries.find { it.code == code } ?: AUTO
        }
+
+        fun fromLanguageTag(languageTag: String?): Language {
+            if (languageTag.isNullOrBlank()) return AUTO
+
+            val locale = Locale.forLanguageTag(languageTag)
+            return when (locale.language) {
+                "en" -> ENGLISH
+                "zh" -> if (
+                    locale.script == "Hant" || locale.country in setOf("TW", "HK", "MO")
+                ) {
+                    TRADITIONAL_CHINESE
+                } else {
+                    CHINA
+                }
+
+                "vi" -> VIETNAMESE
+                "ru" -> RUSSIAN
+                "fa" -> PERSIAN
+                "ar" -> ARABIC
+                "bn" -> BANGLA
+                "bqi" -> BAKHTIARI
+                else -> AUTO
+            }
+        }
    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/**
+ * Enum defining different notification channels.
+ * Each channel has a unique channelId, notificationId, and display name.
+ */
+enum class NotificationChannelType(
+    val channelId: String,
+    val channelName: String,
+    val notificationId: Int
+) {
+    SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE(
+        channelId = "subscription_update_channel",
+        channelName = "Subscription Update Service",
+        notificationId = 13
+    ),
+    CORE_TEST(
+        channelId = "core_test_channel",
+        channelName = "Core Test Service",
+        notificationId = 12
+    )
+}
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.enums
 import android.Manifest
 import android.os.Build
 import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
+import androidx.annotation.StringRes
+import com.v2ray.ang.R

 /**
 * Permission types used in the app, handling API level differences.
@@ -13,32 +15,28 @@ enum class PermissionType {
        override fun getPermission(): String = Manifest.permission.CAMERA
    },

-    /** Read storage / media permission (adapts to Android version) */
-    READ_STORAGE {
-        override fun getPermission(): String {
-            return if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
-                Manifest.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES
-            } else {
-                Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
-            }
-        }
-    },
-
    /** Notification permission (Android 13+) */
    POST_NOTIFICATIONS {
        @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
        override fun getPermission(): String = Manifest.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS
+    },
+
+    /** Local network access permission (Android 17+) */
+    ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK {
+        @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.CINNAMON_BUN)
+        override fun getPermission(): String = Manifest.permission.ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK
    };

    /** Return the actual Android permission string */
    abstract fun getPermission(): String

-    /** Return a human-readable label for the permission */
-    fun getLabel(): String {
+    /** Return the string resource for the human-readable permission label. */
+    @StringRes
+    fun getLabelRes(): Int {
        return when (this) {
-            CAMERA -> "Camera"
-            READ_STORAGE -> "Storage"
-            POST_NOTIFICATIONS -> "Notification"
+            CAMERA -> R.string.permission_camera
+            POST_NOTIFICATIONS -> R.string.permission_notification
+            ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK -> R.string.permission_local_network
        }
    }
 }
@@ -5,18 +5,5 @@ enum class RoutingType(val fileName: String) {
    BLACK("custom_routing_black"),
    GLOBAL("custom_routing_global"),
    WHITE_IRAN("custom_routing_white_iran"),
-    WHITE_RUSSIA("custom_routing_white_russia");
-
-    companion object {
-        fun fromIndex(index: Int): RoutingType {
-            return when (index) {
-                0 -> WHITE
-                1 -> BLACK
-                2 -> GLOBAL
-                3 -> WHITE_IRAN
-                4 -> WHITE_RUSSIA
-                else -> WHITE
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    WHITE_RUSSIA("custom_routing_white_russia")
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.extension
+
+/**
+ * Moves an item to another index while preserving the relative order of the remaining items.
+ */
+internal fun <T> MutableList<T>.moveItem(fromIndex: Int, toIndex: Int): Boolean {
+    if (fromIndex !in indices || toIndex !in indices || fromIndex == toIndex) return false
+    add(toIndex, removeAt(fromIndex))
+    return true
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.extension
+
+/**
+ * Removes all whitespace from the string.
+ *
+ * @return The string without whitespace.
+ */
+fun String?.removeWhiteSpace(): String? = this?.replace(" ", "")
+
+/**
+ * Returns null if the string is null or blank, otherwise returns the string itself.
+ *
+ * @return The string or null.
+ */
+fun String?.nullIfBlank(): String? = this?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+
+/**
+ * Converts the string to a Long value, or returns 0 if the conversion fails.
+ *
+ * @return The Long value.
+ */
+fun String.toLongEx(): Long = toLongOrNull() ?: 0
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the CharSequence is not null and not empty.
+ *
+ * @return True if the CharSequence is not null and not empty, false otherwise.
+ */
+fun CharSequence?.isNotNullEmpty(): Boolean = !this.isNullOrBlank()
+
+fun String.concatUrl(vararg paths: String): String {
+    val builder = StringBuilder(this.trimEnd('/'))
+
+    paths.forEach { path ->
+        val trimmedPath = path.trim('/')
+        if (trimmedPath.isNotEmpty()) {
+            builder.append('/').append(trimmedPath)
+        }
+    }
+
+    return builder.toString()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Helper function to match text either by Regex or literal string.
+ */
+fun String.matchesPattern(regex: Regex?, keyword: String?, ignoreCase: Boolean = true): Boolean {
+    if (keyword.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+        return true
+    }
+    return regex?.containsMatchIn(this)
+        ?: this.contains(keyword, ignoreCase = ignoreCase)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.extension
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.Looper
+import android.widget.Toast
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.compose.AppSnackbarManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.compose.ToastType
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
+ *
+ * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toast(message: Int) {
+    val text = getString(message)
+    dispatchMessage(text, ToastType.NORMAL) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given text.
+ *
+ * @param message The text of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toast(message: CharSequence) {
+    dispatchMessage(message, ToastType.NORMAL) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
+ *
+ * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastSuccess(message: Int) {
+    val text = getString(message)
+    dispatchMessage(text, ToastType.SUCCESS) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given text.
+ *
+ * @param message The text of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastSuccess(message: CharSequence) {
+    dispatchMessage(message, ToastType.SUCCESS) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
+ *
+ * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastError(message: Int) {
+    val text = getString(message)
+    dispatchMessage(text, ToastType.ERROR) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given text.
+ *
+ * @param message The text of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastError(message: CharSequence) {
+    dispatchMessage(message, ToastType.ERROR) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows an info toast message with the given resource ID.
+ *
+ * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastInfo(message: Int) {
+    val text = getString(message)
+    dispatchMessage(text, ToastType.INFO) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows an info toast message with the given text.
+ *
+ * @param message The text of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastInfo(message: CharSequence) {
+    dispatchMessage(message, ToastType.INFO) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+private inline fun runOnMain(crossinline block: () -> Unit) {
+    if (Looper.myLooper() == Looper.getMainLooper()) {
+        block()
+    } else {
+        Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()).post { block() }
+    }
+}
+
+private inline fun dispatchMessage(
+    message: CharSequence,
+    type: ToastType,
+    long: Boolean = false,
+    crossinline fallback: () -> Unit
+) {
+    val handledBySnackbar = AppSnackbarManager.show(
+        message = message,
+        type = type,
+        long = long
+    )
+    if (!handledBySnackbar) {
+        runOnMain { fallback() }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,74 +1,13 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.extension

-import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
-import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
-import android.content.IntentFilter
 import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Bundle
-import android.widget.Toast
-import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
-import es.dmoral.toasty.Toasty
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import java.io.Serializable
 import java.net.URI
 import java.util.Locale
-
-val Context.v2RayApplication: AngApplication?
-    get() = applicationContext as? AngApplication
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
- *
- * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toast(message: Int) {
-    Toasty.normal(this, message).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given text.
- *
- * @param message The text of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toast(message: CharSequence) {
-    Toasty.normal(this, message).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
- *
- * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toastSuccess(message: Int) {
-    Toasty.success(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given text.
- *
- * @param message The text of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toastSuccess(message: CharSequence) {
-    Toasty.success(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
- *
- * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toastError(message: Int) {
-    Toasty.error(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given text.
- *
- * @param message The text of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toastError(message: CharSequence) {
-    Toasty.error(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
-}
+import kotlin.time.Duration.Companion.milliseconds

 const val THRESHOLD = 1000L
 const val DIVISOR = 1024.0
@@ -99,56 +38,6 @@ fun Long.toTrafficString(): String {
 val URI.idnHost: String
    get() = host?.replace("[", "")?.replace("]", "").orEmpty()

-/**
- * Removes all whitespace from the string.
- *
- * @return The string without whitespace.
- */
-fun String?.removeWhiteSpace(): String? = this?.replace(" ", "")
-
-/**
- * Returns null if the string is null or blank, otherwise returns the string itself.
- *
- * @return The string or null.
- */
-fun String?.nullIfBlank(): String? = this?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
-
-/**
- * Converts the string to a Long value, or returns 0 if the conversion fails.
- *
- * @return The Long value.
- */
-fun String.toLongEx(): Long = toLongOrNull() ?: 0
-
-/**
- * Listens for package changes and executes a callback when a change occurs.
- *
- * @param onetime Whether to unregister the receiver after the first callback.
- * @param callback The callback to execute when a package change occurs.
- * @return The BroadcastReceiver that was registered.
- */
-fun Context.listenForPackageChanges(onetime: Boolean = true, callback: () -> Unit) =
-    object : BroadcastReceiver() {
-        override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
-            callback()
-            if (onetime) context.unregisterReceiver(this)
-        }
-    }.apply {
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
-            registerReceiver(this, IntentFilter().apply {
-                addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED)
-                addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED)
-                addDataScheme("package")
-            }, Context.RECEIVER_EXPORTED)
-        } else {
-            registerReceiver(this, IntentFilter().apply {
-                addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED)
-                addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED)
-                addDataScheme("package")
-            })
-        }
-    }
-
 /**
 * Retrieves a serializable object from the Bundle.
 *
@@ -172,32 +61,35 @@ inline fun <reified T : Serializable> Intent.serializable(key: String): T? = whe
 }

 /**
- * Checks if the CharSequence is not null and not empty.
+ * Checks if the config type is a group type (PolicyGroup or ProxyChain).
 *
- * @return True if the CharSequence is not null and not empty, false otherwise.
+ * @return True if the config type is PolicyGroup or ProxyChain, false otherwise.
 */
-fun CharSequence?.isNotNullEmpty(): Boolean = !this.isNullOrBlank()
-
-fun String.concatUrl(vararg paths: String): String {
-    val builder = StringBuilder(this.trimEnd('/'))
-
-    paths.forEach { path ->
-        val trimmedPath = path.trim('/')
-        if (trimmedPath.isNotEmpty()) {
-            builder.append('/').append(trimmedPath)
-        }
-    }
-
-    return builder.toString()
+fun EConfigType.isGroupType(): Boolean {
+    return this == EConfigType.POLICYGROUP || this == EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN
 }

 /**
- * Helper function to match text either by Regex or literal string.
+ * Checks if the config type is a complex type (Custom, PolicyGroup, or ProxyChain).
+ *
+ * @return True if the config type is Custom, PolicyGroup, or ProxyChain, false otherwise.
 */
-fun String.matchesPattern(regex: Regex?, keyword: String?, ignoreCase: Boolean = true): Boolean {
-    if (keyword.isNullOrEmpty()) {
-        return true
-    }
-    return regex?.containsMatchIn(this)
-        ?: this.contains(keyword, ignoreCase = ignoreCase)
-}
+fun EConfigType.isComplexType(): Boolean {
+    return this == EConfigType.CUSTOM || this == EConfigType.POLICYGROUP || this == EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shorthand for delay with Int milliseconds using Duration to avoid legacy Long overload warning.
+ */
+suspend fun delay(millis: Int) {
+    kotlinx.coroutines.delay(millis.toLong().milliseconds)
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shorthand for delay with Long milliseconds using Duration to avoid legacy Long overload warning.
+ */
+suspend fun delay(millis: Long) {
+    kotlinx.coroutines.delay(millis.milliseconds)
+}
+
+
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ object CustomFmt : FmtBase() {

        config.remarks = fullConfig?.remarks ?: System.currentTimeMillis().toString()
        config.server = outbound?.getServerAddress()
-        config.serverPort = outbound?.getServerPort().toString()
+        config.serverPort = outbound?.getServerPort()?.toString()

        return config
    }
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI
@@ -51,9 +50,8 @@ open class FmtBase {
     *
     * @param config the ProfileItem object to populate
     * @param queryParam the query parameters to use for populating the ProfileItem
-     * @param allowInsecure whether to allow insecure connections
     */
-    fun getItemFormQuery(config: ProfileItem, queryParam: Map<String, String>, allowInsecure: Boolean) {
+    fun getItemFormQuery(config: ProfileItem, queryParam: Map<String, String>) {
        config.network = queryParam["type"] ?: NetworkType.TCP.type
        config.headerType = queryParam["headerType"]
        config.host = queryParam["host"]
@@ -80,12 +78,13 @@ open class FmtBase {
        config.insecure = when {
            allowInsecureKeys.any { queryParam[it] == "1" } -> true
            allowInsecureKeys.any { queryParam[it] == "0" } -> false
-            else -> allowInsecure
+            else -> false
        }
        config.sni = queryParam["sni"]
        config.fingerPrint = queryParam["fp"]
        config.alpn = queryParam["alpn"]
        config.echConfigList = queryParam["ech"]
+        config.verifyPeerCertByName = queryParam["vcn"]
        config.pinnedCA256 = queryParam["pcs"]
        config.publicKey = queryParam["pbk"]
        config.shortId = queryParam["sid"]
@@ -106,6 +105,7 @@ open class FmtBase {
        config.sni?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["sni"] = it }
        config.alpn?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["alpn"] = it }
        config.echConfigList?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["ech"] = it }
+        config.verifyPeerCertByName?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["vcn"] = it }
        config.pinnedCA256?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["pcs"] = it }
        config.fingerPrint?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["fp"] = it }
        config.publicKey?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["pbk"] = it }
@@ -172,21 +172,4 @@ open class FmtBase {

        return dicQuery
    }
-
-    fun getServerAddress(profileItem: ProfileItem): String {
-        if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(profileItem.server.orEmpty())) {
-            return profileItem.server.orEmpty()
-        }
-
-        val domain = HttpUtil.toIdnDomain(profileItem.server.orEmpty())
-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD, "1") != "2") {
-            return domain
-        }
-        //Resolve and replace domain
-        val resolvedIps = HttpUtil.resolveHostToIP(domain, MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6))
-        if (resolvedIps.isNullOrEmpty()) {
-            return domain
-        }
-        return resolvedIps.first()
-    }
 }
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.fmt
-
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
-import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
-
-object HttpFmt : FmtBase() {
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HTTP)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-                val socksUsersBean = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean.SocksUsersBean()
-                socksUsersBean.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
-                socksUsersBean.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-                server.users = listOf(socksUsersBean)
-            }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
-}
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -21,7 +18,6 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem {
-        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
@@ -35,14 +31,11 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
        if (!uri.rawQuery.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            val queryParam = getQueryParam(uri)

-            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)
+            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam)

            config.security = queryParam["security"] ?: AppConfig.TLS
            config.obfsPassword = queryParam["obfs-password"]
            config.portHopping = queryParam["mport"]
-            if (config.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-                config.portHoppingInterval = queryParam["mportHopInt"]
-            }
            config.pinnedCA256 = queryParam["pinSHA256"]

        }
@@ -71,71 +64,10 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
        if (config.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
            dicQuery["mport"] = config.portHopping.orEmpty()
        }
-        if (config.portHoppingInterval.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-            val rawInterval = config.portHoppingInterval?.trim().nullIfBlank()
-            val interval = if (rawInterval == null) {
-                null
-            } else {
-                val singleValue = rawInterval.toIntOrNull()
-                if (singleValue != null) {
-                    if (singleValue < 5) {
-                        null
-                    } else {
-                        rawInterval
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    val parts = rawInterval.split('-')
-                    if (parts.size == 2) {
-                        val start = parts[0].trim().toIntOrNull()
-                        val end = parts[1].trim().toIntOrNull()
-                        if (start != null && end != null) {
-                            val minStart = maxOf(5, start)
-                            val minEnd = maxOf(minStart, end)
-                            (minStart + minEnd) / 2
-                        } else {
-                            null
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        null
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if (interval != null) {
-                dicQuery["mportHopInt"] = interval.toString()
-            }
-        }
        if (config.pinnedCA256.isNotNullEmpty()) {
            dicQuery["pinSHA256"] = config.pinnedCA256.orEmpty()
        }

        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) ?: return null
-        profileItem.network = NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type
-        profileItem.alpn = "h3"
-
-        outboundBean.settings?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            server.version = 2
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI
@@ -124,31 +122,4 @@ object ShadowsocksFmt : FmtBase() {

        return toUri(config, Utils.encode(pw, true), null)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            server.password = profileItem.password
-            server.method = profileItem.method
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -28,7 +26,11 @@ object SocksFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()

        if (uri.userInfo?.isEmpty() == false) {
-            val result = Utils.decode(uri.userInfo).split(":", limit = 2)
+            val result = if (uri.userInfo.contains(":")) {
+                uri.userInfo.split(":", limit = 2)
+            } else {
+                Utils.decode(uri.userInfo).split(":", limit = 2)
+            }
            if (result.count() == 2) {
                config.username = result.first()
                config.password = result.last()
@@ -53,27 +55,4 @@ object SocksFmt : FmtBase() {

        return toUri(config, Utils.encode(pw, true), null)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SOCKS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-                val socksUsersBean = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean.SocksUsersBean()
-                socksUsersBean.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
-                socksUsersBean.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-                server.users = listOf(socksUsersBean)
-            }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -19,7 +16,6 @@ object TrojanFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem {
-        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.TROJAN)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
@@ -31,11 +27,11 @@ object TrojanFmt : FmtBase() {
        if (uri.rawQuery.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            config.network = NetworkType.TCP.type
            config.security = AppConfig.TLS
-            config.insecure = allowInsecure
+            config.insecure = false
        } else {
            val queryParam = getQueryParam(uri)

-            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)
+            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam)
            config.security = queryParam["security"] ?: AppConfig.TLS
        }

@@ -53,31 +49,4 @@ object TrojanFmt : FmtBase() {

        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.TROJAN)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            server.password = profileItem.password
-            server.flow = profileItem.flow
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.fmt
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayNShareItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+object V2rayNFmt : FmtBase() {
+    fun parse(list: List<String>, subId: String): List<ProfileItem> {
+        val idMap = mutableMapOf<String, V2rayNShareItem>()
+        list.mapNotNull(::parseShareItem).forEach { item ->
+            idMap.putIfAbsent(item.IndexId.orEmpty(), item)
+        }
+
+        return idMap.values.map { item ->
+            item.toProfileItem().apply {
+                val proto = item.ProtoExtraObj
+                policyGroupSubscriptionId = if (proto?.SubChildItems == "self") {
+                    subId
+                } else {
+                    null
+                }
+                proto?.ChildItems?.takeIf { it.isNotNullEmpty() }?.let { ids ->
+                    val remarks = ids.split(",")
+                        .mapNotNull { idMap[it]?.Remarks }
+                        .filter { it.isNotNullEmpty() }
+
+                    if (remarks.isNotEmpty()) {
+                        when (item.ConfigType) {
+                            101 -> policyGroupFilter = remarks.joinToString("|", "^(", ")$") { Regex.escape(it) }
+                            102 -> proxyChainProfiles = remarks.joinToString(",")
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun parseShareItem(str: String): V2rayNShareItem? = try {
+        JsonUtil.fromJson(Utils.decode(str.substringAfterLast('/')), V2rayNShareItem::class.java)
+    } catch (e: Exception) {
+        LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse V2rayN share item", e)
+        null
+    }
+}
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -19,7 +15,6 @@ object VlessFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem? {
-        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.VLESS)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
@@ -32,7 +27,7 @@ object VlessFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.password = uri.userInfo
        config.method = queryParam["encryption"] ?: "none"

-        getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)
+        getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam)

        return config
    }
@@ -50,31 +45,4 @@ object VlessFmt : FmtBase() {
        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VLESS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.let { vnext ->
-            vnext.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            vnext.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            vnext.users[0].id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-            vnext.users[0].encryption = profileItem.method
-            vnext.users[0].flow = profileItem.flow
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -2,15 +2,12 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import android.text.TextUtils
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.VmessQRCode
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
@@ -28,7 +25,6 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
            return parseVmessStd(str)
        }

-        val allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.VMESS)

        var result = str.replace(EConfigType.VMESS.protocolScheme, "")
@@ -89,8 +85,11 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.insecure = when (vmessQRCode.insecure) {
            "1" -> true
            "0" -> false
-            else -> allowInsecure
+            else -> false
        }
+        config.verifyPeerCertByName = vmessQRCode.vcn
+        config.pinnedCA256 = vmessQRCode.pcs
+
        return config
    }

@@ -144,6 +143,8 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
            false -> "0"
            else -> ""
        }
+        vmessQRCode.vcn = config.verifyPeerCertByName.orEmpty()
+        vmessQRCode.pcs = config.pinnedCA256.orEmpty()

        val json = JsonUtil.toJson(vmessQRCode)
        return Utils.encode(json)
@@ -156,7 +157,6 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
    fun parseVmessStd(str: String): ProfileItem? {
-        val allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.VMESS)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
@@ -169,36 +169,10 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.password = uri.userInfo
        config.method = AppConfig.DEFAULT_SECURITY

-        getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)
+        getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam)

        return config
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VMESS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.let { vnext ->
-            vnext.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            vnext.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            vnext.users[0].id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-            vnext.users[0].security = profileItem.method
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }

 }
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.removeWhiteSpace
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()

        config.secretKey = uri.userInfo.orEmpty()
-        config.localAddress = queryParam["address"] ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
+        config.localAddress = queryParam["address"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
        config.publicKey = queryParam["publickey"].orEmpty()
        config.preSharedKey = queryParam["presharedkey"]?.nullIfBlank()
        config.mtu = Utils.parseInt(queryParam["mtu"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_MTU)
@@ -82,7 +79,7 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {

        config.secretKey = interfaceParams["privatekey"].orEmpty()
        config.remarks = System.currentTimeMillis().toString()
-        config.localAddress = interfaceParams["address"] ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
+        config.localAddress = interfaceParams["address"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
        config.mtu = Utils.parseInt(interfaceParams["mtu"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_MTU)
        config.publicKey = peerParams["publickey"].orEmpty()
        config.preSharedKey = peerParams["presharedkey"]?.nullIfBlank()
@@ -100,29 +97,6 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {
        return config
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.WIREGUARD)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.let { wireguard ->
-            wireguard.secretKey = profileItem.secretKey
-            wireguard.address = (profileItem.localAddress ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4).split(",")
-            wireguard.peers?.firstOrNull()?.let { peer ->
-                peer.publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.orEmpty()
-                peer.preSharedKey = profileItem.preSharedKey?.nullIfBlank()
-                peer.endpoint = Utils.getIpv6Address(profileItem.server) + ":${profileItem.serverPort}"
-            }
-            wireguard.mtu = profileItem.mtu
-            wireguard.reserved = profileItem.reserved?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }?.split(",")?.filter { it.isNotBlank() }?.map { it.trim().toInt() }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }

    /**
     * Converts a ProfileItem object to a URI string.
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.graphics.Bitmap
 import android.text.TextUtils
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.HY2
-import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionCache
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionUpdateResult
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.UrlContentRequest
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionCache
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.CustomFmt
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.Hysteria2Fmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.ShadowsocksFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.SocksFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.TrojanFmt
+import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.V2rayNFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.VlessFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.VmessFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.WireguardFmt
@@ -29,6 +30,26 @@ import java.net.URI

 object AngConfigManager {

+    private data class ParsedProfile(
+        val profile: ProfileItem,
+        val rawConfig: String? = null,
+    )
+
+    // Parser mapping for different config types (lazy initialized)
+    private val configFmtParsers: Map<String, (String) -> ProfileItem?> by lazy {
+        mapOf(
+            EConfigType.VMESS.protocolScheme to VmessFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.protocolScheme to ShadowsocksFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.SOCKS.protocolScheme to SocksFmt::parse,
+            AppConfig.SOCKS4 to SocksFmt::parse,
+            AppConfig.SOCKS5 to SocksFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.TROJAN.protocolScheme to TrojanFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.VLESS.protocolScheme to VlessFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.WIREGUARD.protocolScheme to WireguardFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.protocolScheme to Hysteria2Fmt::parse,
+            AppConfig.HY2 to Hysteria2Fmt::parse,
+        )
+    }

    /**
     * Shares the configuration to the clipboard.
@@ -111,7 +132,7 @@ object AngConfigManager {
    fun shareFullContent2Clipboard(context: Context, guid: String?): Int {
        try {
            if (guid == null) return -1
-            val result = V2rayConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
+            val result = CoreConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
            if (result.status) {
                Utils.setClipboard(context, result.content)
            } else {
@@ -136,15 +157,12 @@ object AngConfigManager {

            return config.configType.protocolScheme + when (config.configType) {
                EConfigType.VMESS -> VmessFmt.toUri(config)
-                EConfigType.CUSTOM -> ""
                EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS -> ShadowsocksFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.SOCKS -> SocksFmt.toUri(config)
-                EConfigType.HTTP -> ""
                EConfigType.VLESS -> VlessFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.TROJAN -> TrojanFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.WIREGUARD -> WireguardFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 -> Hysteria2Fmt.toUri(config)
-                EConfigType.POLICYGROUP -> ""
                else -> {}
            }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
@@ -162,23 +180,28 @@ object AngConfigManager {
     * @return A pair containing the number of configurations and subscriptions imported.
     */
    fun importBatchConfig(server: String?, subid: String, append: Boolean): Pair<Int, Int> {
-        var count = parseBatchConfig(Utils.decode(server), subid, append)
-        if (count <= 0) {
-            count = parseBatchConfig(server, subid, append)
-        }
-        if (count <= 0) {
-            count = parseCustomConfigServer(server, subid, append)
-        }
+        return try {
+            var count = parseBatchConfig(Utils.decode(server), subid, append)
+            if (count <= 0) {
+                count = parseBatchConfig(server, subid, append)
+            }
+            if (count <= 0) {
+                count = parseCustomConfigServer(server, subid, append)
+            }

-        var countSub = parseBatchSubscription(server)
-        if (countSub <= 0) {
-            countSub = parseBatchSubscription(Utils.decode(server))
-        }
-        if (countSub > 0) {
-            updateConfigViaSubAll()
-        }
+            var countSub = parseBatchSubscription(server)
+            if (countSub <= 0) {
+                countSub = parseBatchSubscription(Utils.decode(server))
+            }
+            if (countSub > 0) {
+                updateConfigViaSubAll()
+            }

-        return count to countSub
+            count to countSub
+        } catch (e: ProfileStorageException) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to store imported profiles", e)
+            0 to 0
+        }
    }

    /**
@@ -221,41 +244,40 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            if (servers == null) {
                return 0
            }
-            //  Find the currently selected server that matches the subscription ID
-            val removedSelected = if (subid.isNotBlank() && !append) {
-                MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
-                    .takeIf { it?.isNotBlank() == true }
-                    ?.let { MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(it) }
-                    ?.takeIf { it.subscriptionId == subid }
-            } else {
-                null
-            }
-
            val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subid)

            // Parse all configs first (no I/O during parsing)
            val configs = mutableListOf<ProfileItem>()
+            val v2raynLines = mutableListOf<String>()
+
            servers.lines()
                .distinct()
                .reversed()
                .forEach {
-                    val config = parseConfig(it, subid, subItem)
-                    if (config != null) {
-                        configs.add(config)
+                    if (it.startsWith(AppConfig.V2RAYNFMTS, ignoreCase = true)) {
+                        v2raynLines.add(it)
+                    } else {
+                        val config = parseConfig(it, subid, subItem)
+                        if (config != null) {
+                            configs.add(config)
+                        }
                    }
                }

-            // Batch save all parsed configs (only one serverList read/write)
-            if (configs.isNotEmpty()) {
-                if (!append) {
-                    MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
-                }
-                val keyToProfile = batchSaveConfigs(configs, subid)
-                val matchKey = findMatchedProfileKey(keyToProfile, removedSelected)
-                matchKey?.let { MmkvManager.setSelectServer(it) }
+            val v2raynConfigs = V2rayNFmt.parse(v2raynLines, subid)
+            val allConfigs = v2raynConfigs + configs
+
+            if (allConfigs.isNotEmpty()) {
+                commitProfiles(
+                    configs = allConfigs.map(::ParsedProfile),
+                    subid = subid,
+                    append = append,
+                )
            }

-            return configs.size
+            return allConfigs.size
+        } catch (e: ProfileStorageException) {
+            throw e
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse batch config", e)
        }
@@ -263,93 +285,32 @@ object AngConfigManager {
    }

    /**
-     * Batch save configurations to reduce serverList read/write operations.
-     * Reads serverList once, saves all configs, then writes serverList once.
+     * Commits parsed profiles before removing the profiles they replace.
     *
-     * @param configs The list of ProfileItem to save.
+     * @param configs The parsed profiles to save.
     * @param subid The subscription ID.
-     * @return Map of generated keys to their corresponding ProfileItem.
+     * @param append Whether to append to the existing server list.
     */
-    private fun batchSaveConfigs(configs: List<ProfileItem>, subid: String): Map<String, ProfileItem> {
-        val keyToProfile = mutableMapOf<String, ProfileItem>()
+    private fun commitProfiles(
+        configs: List<ParsedProfile>,
+        subid: String,
+        append: Boolean,
+    ) {
+        val keyToProfile = linkedMapOf<String, ProfileItem>()
+        val rawConfigs = mutableMapOf<String, String>()

-        // Read serverList once
-        val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeServerList(subid)
-        var needSetSelected = MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrBlank()
-
-        configs.forEach { config ->
+        configs.forEach { parsed ->
            val key = Utils.getUuid()
-            // Save profile directly without updating serverList
-            MmkvManager.encodeProfileDirect(key, JsonUtil.toJson(config))
-
-            if (!serverList.contains(key)) {
-                serverList.add(0, key)
-                if (needSetSelected) {
-                    MmkvManager.setSelectServer(key)
-                    needSetSelected = false
-                }
-            }
-            keyToProfile[key] = config
+            keyToProfile[key] = parsed.profile
+            parsed.rawConfig?.let { raw -> rawConfigs[key] = raw }
        }

-        // Write serverList once
-        MmkvManager.encodeServerList(serverList, subid)
-        return keyToProfile
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Finds a matched profile key from the given key-profile map using multi-level matching.
-     * Matching priority (from highest to lowest):
-     * 1. Exact match: server + port + password
-     * 2. Match by remarks (exact match)
-     * 3. Match by server + port
-     * 4. Match by server only
-     *
-     * @param keyToProfile Map of server keys to their ProfileItem
-     * @param target Target profile to match
-     * @return Matched key or null
-     */
-    private fun findMatchedProfileKey(keyToProfile: Map<String, ProfileItem>, target: ProfileItem?): String? {
-        if (keyToProfile.isEmpty() || target == null) return null
-
-        // Level 1: Match by remarks
-        if (target.remarks.isNotBlank()) {
-            keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
-                isSameText(saved.remarks, target.remarks)
-            }?.key?.let { return it }
-        }
-
-        // Level 2: Exact match (server + port + password)
-        keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
-            isSameText(saved.server, target.server) &&
-                    isSameText(saved.serverPort, target.serverPort) &&
-                    isSameText(saved.password, target.password)
-        }?.key?.let { return it }
-
-        // Level 3: Match by server + port
-        keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
-            isSameText(saved.server, target.server) &&
-                    isSameText(saved.serverPort, target.serverPort)
-        }?.key?.let { return it }
-
-        // Level 4: Match by server only
-        keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
-            isSameText(saved.server, target.server)
-        }?.key?.let { return it }
-
-        return null
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Case-insensitive trimmed string comparison.
-     *
-     * @param left First string
-     * @param right Second string
-     * @return True if both are non-empty and equal (case-insensitive, trimmed)
-     */
-    private fun isSameText(left: String?, right: String?): Boolean {
-        if (left.isNullOrBlank() || right.isNullOrBlank()) return false
-        return left.trim().equals(right.trim(), ignoreCase = true)
+        MmkvManager.saveServerProfiles(
+            profiles = keyToProfile,
+            rawConfigs = rawConfigs,
+            subscriptionId = subid,
+            append = append,
+        )
    }

    /**
@@ -373,49 +334,54 @@ object AngConfigManager {
                    JsonUtil.fromJson(server, Array<Any>::class.java) ?: arrayOf()

                if (serverList.isNotEmpty()) {
-                    if (!append) {
-                        MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
-                    }
-                    var count = 0
-                    for (srv in serverList.reversed()) {
-                        val config = CustomFmt.parse(JsonUtil.toJson(srv)) ?: continue
+                    val configs = serverList.reversed().map { srv ->
+                        val config = CustomFmt.parse(JsonUtil.toJson(srv))
                        config.subscriptionId = subid
                        config.description = generateDescription(config)
-                        val key = MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig("", config)
-                        MmkvManager.encodeServerRaw(key, JsonUtil.toJsonPretty(srv) ?: "")
-                        count += 1
+                        ParsedProfile(
+                            profile = config,
+                            rawConfig = JsonUtil.toJsonPretty(srv) ?: "",
+                        )
                    }
-                    return count
+                    commitProfiles(configs, subid, append)
+                    return configs.size
                }
+            } catch (e: ProfileStorageException) {
+                throw e
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse custom config server JSON array", e)
            }

            try {
                // For compatibility
-                val config = CustomFmt.parse(server) ?: return 0
+                val config = CustomFmt.parse(server)
                config.subscriptionId = subid
                config.description = generateDescription(config)
-                if (!append) {
-                    MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
-                }
-                val key = MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig("", config)
-                MmkvManager.encodeServerRaw(key, server)
+                commitProfiles(
+                    configs = listOf(ParsedProfile(config, server)),
+                    subid = subid,
+                    append = append,
+                )
                return 1
+            } catch (e: ProfileStorageException) {
+                throw e
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse custom config server as single config", e)
            }
            return 0
        } else if (server.startsWith("[Interface]") && server.contains("[Peer]")) {
            try {
-                val config = WireguardFmt.parseWireguardConfFile(server) ?: return R.string.toast_incorrect_protocol
+                val config = WireguardFmt.parseWireguardConfFile(server)
+                config.subscriptionId = subid
                config.description = generateDescription(config)
-                if (!append) {
-                    MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
-                }
-                val key = MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig("", config)
-                MmkvManager.encodeServerRaw(key, server)
+                commitProfiles(
+                    configs = listOf(ParsedProfile(config, server)),
+                    subid = subid,
+                    append = append,
+                )
                return 1
+            } catch (e: ProfileStorageException) {
+                throw e
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse WireGuard config file", e)
            }
@@ -444,22 +410,8 @@ object AngConfigManager {
                return null
            }

-            val config = if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.VMESS.protocolScheme)) {
-                VmessFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.protocolScheme)) {
-                ShadowsocksFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.SOCKS.protocolScheme)) {
-                SocksFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.TROJAN.protocolScheme)) {
-                TrojanFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.VLESS.protocolScheme)) {
-                VlessFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.protocolScheme)) {
-                WireguardFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.protocolScheme) || str.startsWith(HY2)) {
-                Hysteria2Fmt.parse(str)
-            } else {
-                null
+            val config = configFmtParsers.firstNotNullOfOrNull { (scheme, parser) ->
+                if (str.startsWith(scheme)) parser(str) else null
            }

            if (config == null) {
@@ -532,19 +484,36 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            }
            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, url)
            val userAgent = it.subscription.userAgent
+            val requestHeaders = it.subscription.requestHeaders
            val proxyUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
            val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()

            var configText = try {
                val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-                HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(url, userAgent, 15000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword)
+                HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(
+                    UrlContentRequest(
+                        url = url,
+                        userAgent = userAgent,
+                        requestHeaders = requestHeaders,
+                        timeout = 15000,
+                        httpPort = httpPort,
+                        proxyUsername = proxyUsername,
+                        proxyPassword = proxyPassword
+                    )
+                )
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE, "Update subscription: proxy not ready or other error", e)
                ""
            }
            if (configText.isEmpty()) {
                configText = try {
-                    HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(url, userAgent)
+                    HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(
+                        UrlContentRequest(
+                            url = url,
+                            userAgent = userAgent,
+                            requestHeaders = requestHeaders
+                        )
+                    )
                } catch (e: Exception) {
                    LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Update subscription: Failed to get URL content with user agent", e)
                    ""
@@ -573,6 +542,41 @@ object AngConfigManager {
        }
    }

+    /**
+     * Removes invalid server configurations for a subscription.
+     *
+     * @param subId The subscription ID.
+     */
+    fun removeInvalidServer(subId: String) {
+        val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeServerList(subId)
+        val invalidServers = serverList.filter {
+            val aff = MmkvManager.decodeServerAffiliationInfo(it)
+            aff != null && aff.testDelayMillis < 0L
+        }
+        MmkvManager.removeServers(invalidServers, subId)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts servers by test results for a subscription.
+     *
+     * @param subId The subscription ID.
+     */
+    fun sortByTestResultsForSub(subId: String) {
+        val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeServerList(subId)
+        if (serverList.isEmpty()) return
+
+        val sorted = serverList
+            .map { guid ->
+                val delay =
+                    MmkvManager.decodeServerAffiliationInfo(guid)?.testDelayMillis ?: 0L
+                guid to if (delay <= 0L) Long.MAX_VALUE else delay
+            }
+            .sortedBy { it.second }
+            .map { it.first }
+            .toMutableList()
+        MmkvManager.encodeServerList(sorted, subId)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Parses the configuration via a subscription.
     *
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+
+import android.app.LocaleManager
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.res.Configuration
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
+import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatDelegate
+import androidx.core.app.LocaleManagerCompat
+import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import androidx.core.os.ConfigurationCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.Language
+
+/**
+ * Keeps the legacy in-app language preference synchronized with Android's per-app locale APIs.
+ */
+object AppLocaleManager {
+
+    /**
+     * Migrates the existing MMKV language preference and restores it before the first activity.
+     */
+    fun initialize(context: Context) {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
+            Api33.prepareMigration(context)
+        } else {
+            initializeCompat(context)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Completes the one-time handoff after AppCompat has attached the activity context.
+     */
+    fun onActivityCreated(context: Context) {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
+            Api33.completeMigration(context)
+        } else {
+            syncLegacyPreference(AppCompatDelegate.getApplicationLocales().get(0)?.toLanguageTag())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Applies a language selected in the app and lets AppCompat recreate the current activity.
+     */
+    fun setApplicationLanguage(languageCode: String) {
+        val language = Language.fromCode(languageCode)
+        persistLegacyPreference(language)
+        AppCompatDelegate.setApplicationLocales(language.toLocaleList())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns a context suitable for resource access outside AppCompatActivity.
+     */
+    fun localizedContext(context: Context): Context {
+        val localizedContext = ContextCompat.getContextForLanguage(context)
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU || localizedContext !== context) {
+            return localizedContext
+        }
+
+        // During the one-time upgrade from the old picker, AppCompat has not written its locale
+        // record yet. Use the still-current MMKV value for non-activity contexts on that launch.
+        val language = storedLanguage()
+        language.locale ?: return context
+        val configuration = Configuration(context.resources.configuration)
+        ConfigurationCompat.setLocales(configuration, language.toLocaleList())
+        return context.createConfigurationContext(configuration)
+    }
+
+    private fun initializeCompat(context: Context) {
+        val storedLocales = LocaleManagerCompat.getApplicationLocales(context)
+        if (storedLocales.isEmpty) {
+            val legacyLanguage = storedLanguage()
+            if (legacyLanguage != Language.AUTO) {
+                AppCompatDelegate.setApplicationLocales(legacyLanguage.toLocaleList())
+            }
+        } else {
+            syncLegacyPreference(storedLocales.get(0)?.toLanguageTag())
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun storedLanguage(): Language = Language.fromCode(
+        MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_LANGUAGE) ?: Language.AUTO.code
+    )
+
+    private fun syncLegacyPreference(languageTag: String?) {
+        persistLegacyPreference(Language.fromLanguageTag(languageTag))
+    }
+
+    private fun persistLegacyPreference(language: Language) {
+        val current = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_LANGUAGE)
+        if (current != language.code) {
+            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(AppConfig.PREF_LANGUAGE, language.code)
+            SettingsChangeManager.notifySettingChanged(AppConfig.PREF_LANGUAGE)
+        }
+    }
+
+    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
+    private object Api33 {
+        fun prepareMigration(context: Context) {
+            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_APP_LOCALE_MIGRATED, false)) {
+                return
+            }
+
+            val localeManager = context.getSystemService(LocaleManager::class.java)
+            val applicationLocales = localeManager.applicationLocales
+            if (!applicationLocales.isEmpty) {
+                syncLegacyPreference(applicationLocales.get(0)?.toLanguageTag())
+                return
+            }
+
+            val legacyLanguage = storedLanguage()
+            if (legacyLanguage != Language.AUTO) {
+                // Make application and service contexts correct even before the first activity.
+                localeManager.applicationLocales = android.os.LocaleList(
+                    requireNotNull(legacyLanguage.locale)
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        fun completeMigration(context: Context) {
+            val localeManager = context.getSystemService(LocaleManager::class.java)
+            if (!MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_APP_LOCALE_MIGRATED, false)) {
+                val frameworkLanguage = Language.fromLanguageTag(
+                    localeManager.applicationLocales.get(0)?.toLanguageTag()
+                )
+                val language = frameworkLanguage.takeUnless { it == Language.AUTO }
+                    ?: storedLanguage()
+
+                // Android's migration guidance requires this one-time AppCompat handoff after
+                // Activity.onCreate(), including on Android 13 and newer.
+                AppCompatDelegate.setApplicationLocales(language.toLocaleList())
+                persistLegacyPreference(language)
+                MmkvManager.encodeSettings(AppConfig.PREF_APP_LOCALE_MIGRATED, true)
+                return
+            }
+
+            syncLegacyPreference(localeManager.applicationLocales.get(0)?.toLanguageTag())
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CertSha256Request
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CertSha256Result
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+import libv2ray.Libv2ray
+
+object CertificateFingerprintManager {
+    private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 5000L
+
+    fun fetchForManualFill(profile: ProfileItem): String? {
+        val request = buildRequest(profile) ?: return null
+        val result = if (profile.configType == EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) {
+            fetch("quic", request) { Libv2ray.fetchQuicCertSha256(it) }
+        } else {
+            fetch("tls", request) { Libv2ray.fetchTlsCertSha256(it) }
+        }
+
+        return result
+            ?.takeIf { it.error.isBlank() }
+            ?.sha256
+            ?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+    }
+
+    private fun buildRequest(profile: ProfileItem): CertSha256Request? {
+        if (!isFetchable(profile)) return null
+
+        val server = profile.server?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: return null
+        val port = profile.serverPort?.toIntOrNull()?.takeIf { it > 0 } ?: AppConfig.DEFAULT_PORT
+
+        return CertSha256Request(
+            address = resolveDialAddress(server),
+            port = port,
+            serverName = inferServerName(profile),
+            timeoutMs = TIMEOUT_MS,
+        )
+    }
+
+    private fun isFetchable(profile: ProfileItem): Boolean {
+        return profile.configType == EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 || profile.security == AppConfig.TLS
+    }
+
+    private fun fetch(
+        type: String,
+        request: CertSha256Request,
+        fetcher: (String) -> String,
+    ): CertSha256Result? {
+        return try {
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(fetcher(JsonUtil.toJson(request)), CertSha256Result::class.java)
+        } catch (e: UnsatisfiedLinkError) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Fetch $type cert SHA-256 API missing in libv2ray", e)
+            null
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Fetch $type cert SHA-256 failed", e)
+            null
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun resolveDialAddress(server: String): String {
+        if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(server) || !Utils.isDomainName(server)) return server
+
+        val preferIpv6 = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6, false)
+        return HttpUtil.resolveHostToIP(server, preferIpv6)
+            ?.firstOrNull()
+            ?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+            ?: server
+    }
+
+    private fun inferServerName(profile: ProfileItem): String? {
+        val sni = profile.sni?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+        return sni?.takeUnless { Utils.isPureIpAddress(it) }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,19 +1,37 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

+import android.content.Context
+import android.util.Log
+import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.runtime.MutableState
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.snapshotFlow
 import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKV
+import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKVHandler
+import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKVLogLevel
+import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKVRecoverStrategic
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PREF_IS_BOOTED
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PREF_ROUTING_RULESET
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.AssetUrlCache
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.AssetUrlItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RulesetItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ServerAffiliationInfo
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionCache
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.WebDavConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG
+import com.v2ray.ang.BuildConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.AssetUrlCache
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.AssetUrlItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.RulesetItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ServerAffiliationInfo
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionCache
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.WebDavConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.collectLatest
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.distinctUntilChanged
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.drop
+
+internal class ProfileStorageException(message: String) : IllegalStateException(message)

 object MmkvManager {

@@ -32,6 +50,24 @@ object MmkvManager {
    private const val KEY_SUB_IDS = "SUB_IDS"
    private const val KEY_WEBDAV_CONFIG = "WEBDAV_CONFIG"

+    private val recoveryHandler = object : MMKVHandler {
+        override fun onMMKVCRCCheckFail(mmapID: String) =
+            recoverFromStorageError(mmapID, "CRC check")
+
+        override fun onMMKVFileLengthError(mmapID: String) =
+            recoverFromStorageError(mmapID, "file length check")
+
+        override fun wantLogRedirecting(): Boolean = false
+
+        override fun mmkvLog(
+            level: MMKVLogLevel,
+            file: String,
+            line: Int,
+            function: String,
+            message: String
+        ) = Unit
+    }
+
    private val mainStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_MAIN, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
    private val profileFullStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_PROFILE_FULL_CONFIG, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
    private val serverRawStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_SERVER_RAW, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
@@ -40,8 +76,83 @@ object MmkvManager {
    private val assetStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_ASSET, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }
    private val settingsStorage by lazy { MMKV.mmkvWithID(ID_SETTING, MMKV.MULTI_PROCESS_MODE) }

+    private inline fun <T> withProfileIndexLock(block: () -> T): T {
+        return synchronized(mainStorage) {
+            mainStorage.lock()
+            try {
+                block()
+            } finally {
+                mainStorage.unlock()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun removeProfilePayloads(guids: Collection<String>) {
+        if (guids.isEmpty()) return
+        val keys = guids.toTypedArray()
+        profileFullStorage.removeValuesForKeys(keys)
+        serverAffStorage.removeValuesForKeys(keys)
+        serverRawStorage.removeValuesForKeys(keys)
+    }
+
+    private fun requireStorageWrite(success: Boolean, message: String) {
+        if (!success) throw ProfileStorageException(message)
+    }
+
+    private fun persistServerList(serverList: List<String>, subscriptionId: String): Boolean {
+        return mainStorage.encode(serverListKey(subscriptionId), JsonUtil.toJson(serverList))
+    }
+
+    private fun serverListKey(subscriptionId: String): String {
+        return "$KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX${getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId)}"
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns every server referenced outside the target group, or null if the raw indexes
+     * cannot provide a complete view.
+     */
+    private fun decodeServersReferencedByOtherGroups(subscriptionId: String): Set<String>? {
+        val targetKey = serverListKey(subscriptionId)
+        val keys = mainStorage.allKeys() ?: return null
+        if (targetKey !in keys) return null
+
+        val referencedServers = mutableSetOf<String>()
+        for (key in keys) {
+            if (!key.startsWith(KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX) || key == targetKey) continue
+
+            val json = mainStorage.decodeString(key)
+            if (json.isNullOrBlank()) return null
+            val serverIds = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, Array<String>::class.java) ?: return null
+            referencedServers.addAll(serverIds)
+        }
+        return referencedServers
+    }
+
    //endregion

+    /**
+     * Initializes MMKV with best-effort recovery so a damaged store is not silently discarded.
+     */
+    fun initialize(context: Context) {
+        val logLevel = if (BuildConfig.DEBUG) {
+            MMKVLogLevel.LevelDebug
+        } else {
+            MMKVLogLevel.LevelInfo
+        }
+        MMKV.initialize(
+            context,
+            context.filesDir.resolve("mmkv").absolutePath,
+            null,
+            logLevel,
+            recoveryHandler
+        )
+    }
+
+    private fun recoverFromStorageError(mmapID: String, error: String): MMKVRecoverStrategic {
+        Log.e(TAG, "MMKV $error failed for $mmapID; attempting data recovery")
+        return MMKVRecoverStrategic.OnErrorRecover
+    }
+
    //region Server

    /**
@@ -70,7 +181,9 @@ object MmkvManager {
     * @param guid The server GUID.
     */
    fun setSelectServer(guid: String) {
-        mainStorage.encode(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER, guid)
+        withProfileIndexLock {
+            mainStorage.encode(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER, guid)
+        }
    }

    /**
@@ -81,9 +194,9 @@ object MmkvManager {
     * @param subscriptionId The subscription ID.
     */
    fun encodeServerList(serverList: MutableList<String>, subscriptionId: String) {
-        val subId = getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId)
-        val key = "$KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX$subId"
-        mainStorage.encode(key, JsonUtil.toJson(serverList))
+        withProfileIndexLock {
+            persistServerList(serverList, subscriptionId)
+        }
    }


@@ -96,13 +209,11 @@ object MmkvManager {
     * @return The list of server GUIDs.
     */
    fun decodeServerList(subscriptionId: String): MutableList<String> {
-        val subId = getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId)
-        val key = "$KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX$subId"
-        val json = mainStorage.decodeString(key)
+        val json = mainStorage.decodeString(serverListKey(subscriptionId))
        return if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            mutableListOf()
        } else {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
        }
    }

@@ -144,7 +255,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            return null
        }
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, ProfileItem::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, ProfileItem::class.java)
    }


@@ -157,17 +268,28 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun encodeServerConfig(guid: String, config: ProfileItem): String {
        val key = guid.ifBlank { Utils.getUuid() }
-        profileFullStorage.encode(key, JsonUtil.toJson(config))
+        withProfileIndexLock {
+            requireStorageWrite(
+                profileFullStorage.encode(key, JsonUtil.toJson(config)),
+                "Failed to save profile payload",
+            )

-        // Use default subscription for servers without subscription
-        val subId = getSubscriptionId(config.subscriptionId)
-        val serverList = decodeServerList(subId)
+            // Use default subscription for servers without subscription
+            val subId = getSubscriptionId(config.subscriptionId)
+            val serverList = decodeServerList(subId)

-        if (!serverList.contains(key)) {
-            serverList.add(0, key)
-            encodeServerList(serverList, subId)
-            if (getSelectServer().isNullOrBlank()) {
-                mainStorage.encode(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER, key)
+            if (!serverList.contains(key)) {
+                serverList.add(0, key)
+                requireStorageWrite(
+                    persistServerList(serverList, subId),
+                    "Failed to publish profile index",
+                )
+                if (getSelectServer().isNullOrBlank()) {
+                    requireStorageWrite(
+                        mainStorage.encode(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER, key),
+                        "Failed to update selected profile",
+                    )
+                }
            }
        }

@@ -175,13 +297,88 @@ object MmkvManager {
    }

    /**
-     * Encodes the server configuration directly without updating serverList.
+     * Saves a profile batch before publishing its group index and removing replaced payloads.
     *
-     * @param key The server GUID.
-     * @param configJson The server configuration JSON string.
+     * @param profiles Generated GUIDs and parsed profiles, in insertion order.
+     * @param rawConfigs Optional raw configuration payloads keyed by profile GUID.
+     * @param subscriptionId The destination subscription ID.
+     * @param append Whether to append to the existing group index.
     */
-    fun encodeProfileDirect(key: String, configJson: String) {
-        profileFullStorage.encode(key, configJson)
+    internal fun saveServerProfiles(
+        profiles: Map<String, ProfileItem>,
+        rawConfigs: Map<String, String>,
+        subscriptionId: String,
+        append: Boolean,
+    ) {
+        if (profiles.isEmpty()) return
+
+        withProfileIndexLock {
+            val replacedServers = if (append) {
+                emptyList()
+            } else {
+                decodeServerList(subscriptionId).toList()
+            }
+            val previousSelection = getSelectServer()
+            val selectedProfile = if (!append &&
+                previousSelection != null &&
+                previousSelection in replacedServers
+            ) {
+                decodeServerConfig(previousSelection)
+            } else {
+                null
+            }
+            val replacementSelection = ProfileReplacement.findSelectedReplacement(
+                profiles = profiles,
+                currentSelection = previousSelection,
+                selectedProfile = selectedProfile,
+            )
+
+            profiles.forEach { (guid, profile) ->
+                requireStorageWrite(
+                    profileFullStorage.encode(guid, JsonUtil.toJson(profile)),
+                    "Failed to save profile payload",
+                )
+                rawConfigs[guid]?.let { raw ->
+                    requireStorageWrite(
+                        serverRawStorage.encode(guid, raw),
+                        "Failed to save raw profile payload",
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+
+            val serverList = if (append) {
+                decodeServerList(subscriptionId)
+            } else {
+                mutableListOf()
+            }
+            val indexedServers = serverList.toHashSet()
+            profiles.keys.forEach { guid ->
+                if (indexedServers.add(guid)) {
+                    serverList.add(0, guid)
+                }
+            }
+            requireStorageWrite(
+                persistServerList(serverList, subscriptionId),
+                "Failed to publish profile index",
+            )
+            replacementSelection?.let { guid ->
+                requireStorageWrite(
+                    mainStorage.encode(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER, guid),
+                    "Failed to update selected profile",
+                )
+            }
+            if (replacedServers.isEmpty()) return@withProfileIndexLock
+
+            val protectedServer = replacementSelection ?: previousSelection
+            val referencedByOtherGroups = decodeServersReferencedByOtherGroups(subscriptionId)
+            val removablePayloads = ProfileReplacement.findRemovablePayloads(
+                replacedServers = replacedServers,
+                replacementServers = profiles.keys,
+                protectedServer = protectedServer,
+                serversReferencedByOtherGroups = referencedByOtherGroups,
+            )
+            removeProfilePayloads(removablePayloads)
+        }
    }

    /**
@@ -233,6 +430,31 @@ object MmkvManager {
        encodeServerList(serverList, subId)
    }

+    /**
+     * Removes multiple server configurations from a subscription.
+     *
+     * @param guids The list of server GUIDs.
+     * @param subscriptionId The subscription ID.
+     */
+    fun removeServers(guids: List<String>, subscriptionId: String) {
+        if (guids.isEmpty()) return
+        val subId = getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId)
+        val serverList = decodeServerList(subId)
+        if (serverList.removeAll(guids)) {
+            encodeServerList(serverList, subId)
+        }
+
+        val selectedServer = getSelectServer()
+        guids.forEach { guid ->
+            if (selectedServer == guid) {
+                mainStorage.remove(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER)
+            }
+            profileFullStorage.remove(guid)
+            serverAffStorage.remove(guid)
+            serverRawStorage.remove(guid)
+        }
+    }
+
    /**
     * Decodes the server affiliation information.
     *
@@ -247,7 +469,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            return null
        }
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, ServerAffiliationInfo::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, ServerAffiliationInfo::class.java)
    }

    /**
@@ -286,9 +508,13 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun removeAllServer(): Int {
        val count = profileFullStorage.allKeys()?.count() ?: 0
-        mainStorage.clearAll()
        profileFullStorage.clearAll()
        serverAffStorage.clearAll()
+        serverRawStorage.clearAll()
+
+        decodeSubscriptions().forEach { sub ->
+            encodeServerList(mutableListOf(), sub.guid)
+        }
        return count
    }

@@ -340,6 +566,56 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return serverRawStorage.decodeString(guid)
    }

+    /**
+     * Removes profile payloads that are provably absent from their raw SUB_SERVERS_* index.
+     *
+     * SUB_IDS and SUB are intentionally ignored: either store can be missing after MMKV
+     * recovery while the group indexes still identify live profiles. If any group index or
+     * profile payload needed for a decision is unreadable, that data is preserved.
+     *
+     * @return The number of profile payloads removed, or null if cleanup could not run safely.
+     */
+    internal fun removeOrphanedServerProfiles(): Int? = synchronized(mainStorage) {
+        mainStorage.lock()
+        try {
+            val indexedServersBySubscription = mainStorage.allKeys().orEmpty()
+                .asSequence()
+                .filter { key -> key.startsWith(KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX) }
+                .associate { key ->
+                    val subscriptionId = key.removePrefix(KEY_SUB_SERVER_PREFIX)
+                    val json = mainStorage.decodeString(key)
+                    val serverIds = if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
+                        null
+                    } else {
+                        JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toSet()
+                    }
+                    subscriptionId to serverIds
+                }
+
+            val profiles = profileFullStorage.allKeys().orEmpty().map { guid ->
+                StoredProfileReference(
+                    guid = guid,
+                    subscriptionId = decodeServerConfig(guid)?.subscriptionId,
+                )
+            }
+            val orphans = OrphanProfileCleaner.findOrphans(
+                profiles = profiles,
+                indexedServersBySubscription = indexedServersBySubscription,
+                selectedServer = getSelectServer(),
+            ) ?: return@synchronized null
+
+            if (orphans.isNotEmpty()) {
+                val keys = orphans.toTypedArray()
+                profileFullStorage.removeValuesForKeys(keys)
+                serverAffStorage.removeValuesForKeys(keys)
+                serverRawStorage.removeValuesForKeys(keys)
+            }
+            orphans.size
+        } finally {
+            mainStorage.unlock()
+        }
+    }
+
    //endregion

    //region Subscriptions
@@ -374,7 +650,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        decodeSubsList().forEach { key ->
            val json = subStorage.decodeString(key)
            if (!json.isNullOrBlank()) {
-                val item = JsonUtil.fromJson(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java) ?: SubscriptionItem()
+                val item = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java) ?: SubscriptionItem()
                subscriptions.add(SubscriptionCache(key, item))
            }
        }
@@ -420,7 +696,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun decodeSubscription(subscriptionId: String): SubscriptionItem? {
        val json = subStorage.decodeString(subscriptionId) ?: return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java)
    }

    /**
@@ -442,7 +718,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            mutableListOf()
        } else {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
        }
    }

@@ -460,7 +736,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        assetStorage.allKeys()?.forEach { key ->
            val json = assetStorage.decodeString(key)
            if (!json.isNullOrBlank()) {
-                val item = JsonUtil.fromJson(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java) ?: AssetUrlItem()
+                val item = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java) ?: AssetUrlItem()
                assetUrlItems.add(AssetUrlCache(key, item))
            }
        }
@@ -495,7 +771,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun decodeAsset(assetid: String): AssetUrlItem? {
        val json = assetStorage.decodeString(assetid) ?: return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java)
    }

    //endregion
@@ -510,7 +786,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
    fun decodeRoutingRulesets(): MutableList<RulesetItem>? {
        val ruleset = settingsStorage.decodeString(PREF_ROUTING_RULESET)
        if (ruleset.isNullOrEmpty()) return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(ruleset, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(ruleset, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
    }

    /**
@@ -714,7 +990,59 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun decodeWebDavConfig(): WebDavConfig? {
        val json = mainStorage.decodeString(KEY_WEBDAV_CONFIG) ?: return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, WebDavConfig::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, WebDavConfig::class.java)
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+
+    //region Compose helpers for Settings
+
+    /**
+     * MMKV-backed String state, auto-persists and notifies on change.
+     */
+    @Composable
+    fun rememberMmkvString(
+        key: String,
+        default: String = ""
+    ): MutableState<String> {
+        val state = remember(key) {
+            mutableStateOf(decodeSettingsString(key, default) ?: default)
+        }
+
+        LaunchedEffect(key) {
+            snapshotFlow { state.value }
+                .drop(1)
+                .distinctUntilChanged()
+                .collectLatest { value ->
+                    encodeSettings(key, value)
+                    SettingsChangeManager.notifySettingChanged(key)
+                }
+        }
+        return state
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * MMKV-backed Boolean state, auto-persists and notifies on change.
+     */
+    @Composable
+    fun rememberMmkvBool(
+        key: String,
+        default: Boolean = false
+    ): MutableState<Boolean> {
+        val state = remember(key) {
+            mutableStateOf(decodeSettingsBool(key, default))
+        }
+
+        LaunchedEffect(key) {
+            snapshotFlow { state.value }
+                .drop(1)
+                .distinctUntilChanged()
+                .collectLatest { value ->
+                    encodeSettings(key, value)
+                    SettingsChangeManager.notifySettingChanged(key)
+                }
+        }
+        return state
    }

    //endregion
@@ -13,14 +13,15 @@ import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
 import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.delay
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toSpeedString
-import com.v2ray.ang.ui.MainActivity
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.main.MainActivity
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
-import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
 import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
 import kotlin.math.min
@@ -42,53 +43,15 @@ object NotificationManager {
     * Starts the speed notification.
     * @param currentConfig The current profile configuration.
     */
-    fun startSpeedNotification(currentConfig: ProfileItem?) {
+    fun startSpeedNotification() {
        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_SPEED_ENABLED) != true) return
-        if (speedNotificationJob != null || V2RayServiceManager.isRunning() == false) return
+        if (speedNotificationJob != null || CoreServiceManager.isRunning() == false) return

        var lastZeroSpeed = false
-        val outboundTags = currentConfig?.getAllOutboundTags()
-        outboundTags?.remove(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT)

        speedNotificationJob = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
            while (isActive) {
-                val queryTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
-                val sinceLastQueryIn = (queryTime - lastQueryTime)
-
-                // If the query interval is too short, skip this round to avoid excessive CPU usage
-                if (sinceLastQueryIn < QUERY_INTERVAL_MS) {
-                    LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Query interval too short: ${sinceLastQueryIn}ms, skipping")
-                    lastQueryTime = queryTime
-                    delay(QUERY_INTERVAL_MS)
-                    continue
-                }
-                val sinceLastQueryInSeconds = sinceLastQueryIn / 1000.0
-
-                var proxyTotal = 0L
-                val text = StringBuilder()
-                outboundTags?.forEach {
-                    val up = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(it, AppConfig.UPLINK)
-                    val down = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(it, AppConfig.DOWNLINK)
-                    if (up + down > 0) {
-                        appendSpeedString(text, it, up / sinceLastQueryInSeconds, down / sinceLastQueryInSeconds)
-                        proxyTotal += up + down
-                    }
-                }
-                val directUplink = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, AppConfig.UPLINK)
-                val directDownlink = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, AppConfig.DOWNLINK)
-                val zeroSpeed = proxyTotal == 0L && directUplink == 0L && directDownlink == 0L
-                if (!zeroSpeed || !lastZeroSpeed) {
-                    if (proxyTotal == 0L) {
-                        appendSpeedString(text, outboundTags?.firstOrNull(), 0.0, 0.0)
-                    }
-                    appendSpeedString(
-                        text, AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, directUplink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds,
-                        directDownlink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds
-                    )
-                    updateNotification(text.toString(), proxyTotal, directDownlink + directUplink)
-                }
-                lastZeroSpeed = zeroSpeed
-                lastQueryTime = queryTime
+                lastZeroSpeed = updateSpeedNotificationOnce(lastZeroSpeed)
                delay(QUERY_INTERVAL_MS)
            }
        }
@@ -130,8 +93,8 @@ object NotificationManager {

        mBuilder = NotificationCompat.Builder(service, channelId)
            .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
-            .setContentTitle(currentConfig?.remarks)
-            .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_MIN)
+            .setContentTitle(currentConfig?.remarks ?: service.getString(R.string.app_name))
+            .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_LOW)
            .setOngoing(true)
            .setShowWhen(false)
            .setOnlyAlertOnce(true)
@@ -142,7 +105,7 @@ object NotificationManager {
                stopV2RayPendingIntent
            )
            .addAction(
-                R.drawable.ic_delete_24dp,
+                R.drawable.ic_restore_24dp,
                service.getString(R.string.title_service_restart),
                restartV2RayPendingIntent
            )
@@ -152,6 +115,17 @@ object NotificationManager {
        service.startForeground(NOTIFICATION_ID, mBuilder?.build())
    }

+    /**
+     * Fulfills or refreshes the foreground-service contract before a start command can
+     * return early. A duplicate startForegroundService call still requires the service
+     * to enter foreground state promptly, even when the core is already running.
+     */
+    fun ensureForeground() {
+        val service = getService() ?: return
+        val notification = mBuilder?.build()
+        if (notification == null) showNotification(null) else service.startForeground(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Cancels the notification.
     */
@@ -167,13 +141,12 @@ object NotificationManager {

    /**
     * Stops the speed notification.
-     * @param currentConfig The current profile configuration.
     */
-    fun stopSpeedNotification(currentConfig: ProfileItem?) {
+    fun stopSpeedNotification() {
        speedNotificationJob?.let {
            it.cancel()
            speedNotificationJob = null
-            updateNotification(currentConfig?.remarks, 0, 0)
+            updateNotification("", 0, 0)
        }
    }

@@ -185,12 +158,9 @@ object NotificationManager {
    private fun createNotificationChannel(): String {
        val channelId = AppConfig.RAY_NG_CHANNEL_ID
        val channelName = AppConfig.RAY_NG_CHANNEL_NAME
-        val chan = NotificationChannel(
-            channelId,
-            channelName, NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH
-        )
+        // Foreground-service notifications must remain visible; LOW is silent but valid.
+        val chan = NotificationChannel(channelId, channelName, NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_LOW)
        chan.lightColor = Color.DKGRAY
-        chan.importance = NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_NONE
        chan.lockscreenVisibility = Notification.VISIBILITY_PRIVATE
        getNotificationManager()?.createNotificationChannel(chan)
        return channelId
@@ -246,11 +216,75 @@ object NotificationManager {
        text.append("•  ${up.toLong().toSpeedString()}↑  ${down.toLong().toSpeedString()}↓\n")
    }

+    /**
+     * Updates the speed notification once.
+     * Queries traffic stats, separates proxy and direct, and updates the notification.
+     * @param lastZeroSpeed The previous zero speed state.
+     * @return The current zero speed state.
+     */
+    private fun updateSpeedNotificationOnce(lastZeroSpeed: Boolean): Boolean {
+        val queryTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
+        val sinceLastQueryIn = (queryTime - lastQueryTime)
+
+        // If the query interval is too short, skip this round to avoid excessive CPU usage
+        if (sinceLastQueryIn < QUERY_INTERVAL_MS) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Query interval too short: ${sinceLastQueryIn}ms, skipping")
+            lastQueryTime = queryTime
+            return lastZeroSpeed
+        }
+        val sinceLastQueryInSeconds = sinceLastQueryIn / 1000.0
+
+        var proxyUplink = 0L
+        var proxyDownlink = 0L
+        var directUplink = 0L
+        var directDownlink = 0L
+
+        CoreServiceManager.queryAllOutboundTrafficStats().forEach { stat ->
+            when {
+                stat.tag == AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT -> {
+                    when (stat.direction) {
+                        AppConfig.UPLINK -> directUplink += stat.value
+                        AppConfig.DOWNLINK -> directDownlink += stat.value
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Accumulate stats for all proxy outbounds (including custom subscription tags)
+                stat.tag != AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED -> {
+                    when (stat.direction) {
+                        AppConfig.UPLINK -> proxyUplink += stat.value
+                        AppConfig.DOWNLINK -> proxyDownlink += stat.value
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        val proxyTotal = proxyUplink + proxyDownlink
+        val directTotal = directUplink + directDownlink
+        val zeroSpeed = proxyTotal + directTotal == 0L
+        if (!zeroSpeed || !lastZeroSpeed) {
+            val text = StringBuilder()
+            appendSpeedString(
+                text, AppConfig.TAG_PROXY,
+                proxyUplink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds,
+                proxyDownlink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds
+            )
+
+            appendSpeedString(
+                text, AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT,
+                directUplink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds,
+                directDownlink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds
+            )
+            updateNotification(text.toString(), proxyTotal, directTotal)
+        }
+        lastQueryTime = queryTime
+        return zeroSpeed
+    }
+
    /**
     * Gets the service instance.
     * @return The service instance.
     */
    private fun getService(): Service? {
-        return V2RayServiceManager.serviceControl?.get()?.getService()
+        return CoreServiceManager.serviceControl?.get()?.getService()
    }
-}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID
+
+internal data class StoredProfileReference(
+    val guid: String,
+    val subscriptionId: String?,
+)
+
+internal object OrphanProfileCleaner {
+
+    /**
+     * Finds profile payloads that are provably unreachable from the raw group indexes.
+     *
+     * A null subscription ID means that the profile payload could not be decoded and is
+     * preserved. A null server set means that a group index could not be decoded, in which
+     * case the entire classification returns null and no cleanup should run.
+     * Subscription metadata is deliberately not an input because SUB and SUB_IDS can be
+     * missing while the raw SUB_SERVERS_* indexes remain intact.
+     */
+    fun findOrphans(
+        profiles: Collection<StoredProfileReference>,
+        indexedServersBySubscription: Map<String, Set<String>?>,
+        selectedServer: String?,
+    ): Set<String>? {
+        if (profiles.isEmpty()) return emptySet()
+
+        if (indexedServersBySubscription.isEmpty() ||
+            indexedServersBySubscription.values.any { it == null }
+        ) {
+            return null
+        }
+
+        val indexedServers = indexedServersBySubscription.values
+            .filterNotNull()
+            .flatten()
+            .toSet()
+
+        return profiles.mapNotNullTo(linkedSetOf()) { profile ->
+            if (profile.guid == selectedServer || profile.guid in indexedServers) {
+                return@mapNotNullTo null
+            }
+
+            val subscriptionId = profile.subscriptionId ?: return@mapNotNullTo null
+            val groupId = subscriptionId.ifEmpty { DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID }
+            if (!indexedServersBySubscription.containsKey(groupId)) {
+                return@mapNotNullTo null
+            }
+
+            profile.guid
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+
+internal object ProfileReplacement {
+
+    /**
+     * Finds the profile that should become selected after publishing a replacement batch.
+     * The first profile becomes selected when the store has no current selection.
+     */
+    fun findSelectedReplacement(
+        profiles: Map<String, ProfileItem>,
+        currentSelection: String?,
+        selectedProfile: ProfileItem?,
+    ): String? {
+        if (profiles.isEmpty()) return null
+        if (currentSelection.isNullOrBlank()) return profiles.keys.first()
+        if (selectedProfile == null) return null
+
+        if (selectedProfile.remarks.isNotBlank()) {
+            profiles.entries.firstOrNull { (_, candidate) ->
+                isSameText(candidate.remarks, selectedProfile.remarks) &&
+                        isSameText(candidate.server, selectedProfile.server) &&
+                        isSameText(candidate.serverPort, selectedProfile.serverPort) &&
+                        isSameText(candidate.password, selectedProfile.password)
+            }?.key?.let { return it }
+
+            profiles.entries.firstOrNull { (_, candidate) ->
+                isSameText(candidate.remarks, selectedProfile.remarks)
+            }?.key?.let { return it }
+        }
+
+        profiles.entries.firstOrNull { (_, candidate) ->
+            isSameText(candidate.server, selectedProfile.server) &&
+                    isSameText(candidate.serverPort, selectedProfile.serverPort) &&
+                    isSameText(candidate.password, selectedProfile.password)
+        }?.key?.let { return it }
+
+        profiles.entries.firstOrNull { (_, candidate) ->
+            isSameText(candidate.server, selectedProfile.server) &&
+                    isSameText(candidate.serverPort, selectedProfile.serverPort)
+        }?.key?.let { return it }
+
+        profiles.entries.firstOrNull { (_, candidate) ->
+            isSameText(candidate.server, selectedProfile.server)
+        }?.key?.let { return it }
+
+        return profiles.keys.firstOrNull()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Finds replaced payloads that are safe to remove.
+     *
+     * A null cross-group reference set means that at least one raw group index could not
+     * be read. In that case deletion fails closed.
+     */
+    fun findRemovablePayloads(
+        replacedServers: Collection<String>,
+        replacementServers: Set<String>,
+        protectedServer: String?,
+        serversReferencedByOtherGroups: Set<String>?,
+    ): Set<String> {
+        if (serversReferencedByOtherGroups == null) return emptySet()
+
+        return replacedServers.filterTo(linkedSetOf()) { guid ->
+            guid != protectedServer &&
+                    guid !in replacementServers &&
+                    guid !in serversReferencedByOtherGroups
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun isSameText(left: String?, right: String?): Boolean {
+        if (left.isNullOrBlank() || right.isNullOrBlank()) return false
+        return left.trim().equals(right.trim(), ignoreCase = true)
+    }
+}
@@ -1,32 +1,58 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

-import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean

+/**
+ * Manages global flags for actions triggered by setting changes.
+ * Uses AtomicBoolean for thread-safe consume operations.
+ */
 object SettingsChangeManager {
-    private val _restartService = MutableStateFlow(false)
-    private val _setupGroupTab = MutableStateFlow(false)

-    // Mark restartService as requiring a restart
+    private val restartService = AtomicBoolean(false)
+    private val setupGroupTab = AtomicBoolean(false)
+
+    // Keys that affect only UI behavior and do not require core service restart.
+    private val uiOnlyKeys = setOf(
+        AppConfig.PREF_CONFIRM_REMOVE,
+        AppConfig.PREF_DOUBLE_COLUMN_DISPLAY,
+        AppConfig.PREF_GROUP_ALL_DISPLAY,
+        AppConfig.PREF_LANGUAGE,
+        AppConfig.PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT,
+        AppConfig.PREF_DYNAMIC_COLOR,
+        AppConfig.PREF_IS_BOOTED,
+    )
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a setting value changes.
+     * Triggers service restart if the key is not UI-only, and always refreshes UI tabs.
+     */
+    fun notifySettingChanged(key: String) {
+        if (key !in uiOnlyKeys) {
+            makeRestartService()
+        }
+        makeSetupGroupTab()
+    }
+
    fun makeRestartService() {
-        _restartService.value = true
+        restartService.set(true)
    }

-    // Read and clear the restartService flag
-    fun consumeRestartService(): Boolean {
-        val v = _restartService.value
-        _restartService.value = false
-        return v
-    }
+    /**
+     * Atomically consumes the restart flag.
+     * @return true if a restart was requested, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun consumeRestartService(): Boolean =
+        restartService.compareAndSet(true, false)

-    // Mark reinitGroupTab as requiring tab reinitialization
    fun makeSetupGroupTab() {
-        _setupGroupTab.value = true
+        setupGroupTab.set(true)
    }

-    // Read and clear the reinitGroupTab flag
-    fun consumeSetupGroupTab(): Boolean {
-        val v = _setupGroupTab.value
-        _setupGroupTab.value = false
-        return v
-    }
+    /**
+     * Atomically consumes the setup-group-tab flag.
+     * @return true if UI refresh was requested, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun consumeSetupGroupTab(): Boolean =
+        setupGroupTab.compareAndSet(true, false)
 }
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.content.res.AssetManager
 import android.os.Build
 import android.text.TextUtils
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatDelegate
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID
@@ -12,14 +11,14 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.GEOIP_PRIVATE
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.GEOSITE_PRIVATE
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.VPN
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RulesetItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.RulesetItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.enums.Language
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.RoutingType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.VpnInterfaceAddressConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.moveItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeAllServerList
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeSubsList
@@ -31,8 +30,6 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.io.File
 import java.io.FileOutputStream
-import java.util.Collections
-import java.util.Locale
 import kotlin.random.Random

 object SettingsManager {
@@ -63,26 +60,25 @@ object SettingsManager {
    /**
     * Get preset routing rulesets.
     * @param context The application context.
-     * @param index The index of the routing type.
+     * @param type The routing preset type.
     * @return A mutable list of RulesetItem.
     */
-    private fun getPresetRoutingRulesets(context: Context, index: Int = 0): MutableList<RulesetItem>? {
-        val fileName = RoutingType.fromIndex(index).fileName
-        val assets = Utils.readTextFromAssets(context, fileName)
+    private fun getPresetRoutingRulesets(context: Context, type: RoutingType = RoutingType.WHITE): MutableList<RulesetItem>? {
+        val assets = Utils.readTextFromAssets(context, type.fileName)
        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(assets)) {
            return null
        }

-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(assets, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(assets, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
    }

    /**
     * Reset routing rulesets from presets.
     * @param context The application context.
-     * @param index The index of the routing type.
+     * @param type The routing preset type.
     */
-    fun resetRoutingRulesetsFromPresets(context: Context, index: Int) {
-        val rulesetList = getPresetRoutingRulesets(context, index) ?: return
+    fun resetRoutingRulesetsFromPresets(context: Context, type: RoutingType) {
+        val rulesetList = getPresetRoutingRulesets(context, type) ?: return
        resetRoutingRulesetsCommon(rulesetList)
    }

@@ -97,7 +93,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
        }

        try {
-            val rulesetList = JsonUtil.fromJson(content, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
+            val rulesetList = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(content, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
            if (rulesetList.isNullOrEmpty()) {
                return false
            }
@@ -191,7 +187,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
        val config = decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return false
        if (config.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
            val raw = MmkvManager.decodeServerRaw(guid) ?: return false
-            val v2rayConfig = JsonUtil.fromJson(raw, V2rayConfig::class.java)
+            val v2rayConfig = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(raw, V2rayConfig::class.java)
            val exist = v2rayConfig?.routing?.rules?.filter { it.outboundTag == TAG_DIRECT }?.any {
                it.domain?.contains(GEOSITE_PRIVATE) == true || it.ip?.contains(GEOIP_PRIVATE) == true
            }
@@ -205,32 +201,6 @@ object SettingsManager {
        return exist == true
    }

-    /**
-     * Swap routing rulesets.
-     * @param fromPosition The position to swap from.
-     * @param toPosition The position to swap to.
-     */
-    fun swapRoutingRuleset(fromPosition: Int, toPosition: Int) {
-        val rulesetList = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets()
-        if (rulesetList.isNullOrEmpty()) return
-
-        Collections.swap(rulesetList, fromPosition, toPosition)
-        MmkvManager.encodeRoutingRulesets(rulesetList)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Swap subscriptions.
-     * @param fromPosition The position to swap from.
-     * @param toPosition The position to swap to.
-     */
-    fun swapSubscriptions(fromPosition: Int, toPosition: Int) {
-        val subsList = decodeSubsList()
-        if (subsList.isEmpty()) return
-
-        Collections.swap(subsList, fromPosition, toPosition)
-        MmkvManager.encodeSubsList(subsList)
-    }
-
    /**
     * Get server via remarks.
     * @param remarks The remarks of the server.
@@ -246,6 +216,20 @@ object SettingsManager {
            .firstOrNull { it.remarks == remarks }
    }

+    /**
+     * Collects non-empty profile remarks while excluding specific config types.
+     */
+    fun getProfileRemarks(excludeConfigTypes: Set<EConfigType> = setOf(EConfigType.CUSTOM)): List<String> {
+        return decodeAllServerList()
+            .asSequence()
+            .mapNotNull { guid -> decodeServerConfig(guid) }
+            .filter { profile -> profile.configType !in excludeConfigTypes }
+            .map { it.remarks.trim() }
+            .filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+            .distinct()
+            .toList()
+    }
+
    /**
     * Removes the subscription.
     * If there are no remaining subscriptions,
@@ -394,37 +378,12 @@ object SettingsManager {
    }

    /**
-     * Get the locale.
-     * @return The locale.
+     * Get real ping concurrency.
+     * @return The number of concurrent real-ping tests (clamped to 1..64).
     */
-    fun getLocale(): Locale {
-        val langCode =
-            MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_LANGUAGE) ?: Language.AUTO.code
-        val language = Language.fromCode(langCode)
-
-        return when (language) {
-            Language.AUTO -> Utils.getSysLocale()
-            Language.ENGLISH -> Locale.ENGLISH
-            Language.CHINA -> Locale.CHINA
-            Language.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE -> Locale.TRADITIONAL_CHINESE
-            Language.VIETNAMESE -> Locale.forLanguageTag("vi")
-            Language.RUSSIAN -> Locale.forLanguageTag("ru")
-            Language.PERSIAN -> Locale.forLanguageTag("fa")
-            Language.ARABIC -> Locale.forLanguageTag("ar")
-            Language.BANGLA -> Locale.forLanguageTag("bn")
-            Language.BAKHTIARI -> Locale.forLanguageTag("bqi-IR")
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Set night mode.
-     */
-    fun setNightMode() {
-        when (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT, "0")) {
-            "0" -> AppCompatDelegate.setDefaultNightMode(AppCompatDelegate.MODE_NIGHT_FOLLOW_SYSTEM)
-            "1" -> AppCompatDelegate.setDefaultNightMode(AppCompatDelegate.MODE_NIGHT_NO)
-            "2" -> AppCompatDelegate.setDefaultNightMode(AppCompatDelegate.MODE_NIGHT_YES)
-        }
+    fun getRealPingConcurrency(): Int {
+        val value = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_REAL_PING_CONCURRENCY)?.toIntOrNull() ?: 16
+        return value.coerceIn(1, 128)
    }

    /**
@@ -464,6 +423,13 @@ object SettingsManager {
        return mode == null || mode == VPN
    }

+    /**
+     * Check if a root (system-wide) run mode is selected.
+     */
+    fun isRootMode(): Boolean {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ROOT_MODE_ENABLE, false)
+    }
+
    /**
     *  Check if process routing can be used.
     */
@@ -504,6 +470,12 @@ object SettingsManager {
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_CONCURRENCY, "8")
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH, "50-100")
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL, "10-20")
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_MAXSPLIT, "10")
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_PING_INTERVAL, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_PING_INTERVAL)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_INTERVAL, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_INTERVAL)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_METHOD, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_METHOD)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_SAMPLING, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_SAMPLING)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_TIMEOUT, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_TIMEOUT)
    }

    private fun ensureDefaultValue(key: String, default: String) {
@@ -562,7 +534,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
            return
        }

-        val guids = JsonUtil.fromJson(oldJson, Array<String>::class.java) ?: run {
+        val guids = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(oldJson, Array<String>::class.java) ?: run {
            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(migrationKey, true)
            return
        }
@@ -599,10 +571,10 @@ object SettingsManager {
            )
            encodeSubscription(DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, defaultSub)

-            // Move top
+            // Move to the top
            val subsList = decodeSubsList()
-            if (subsList.count() > 1) {
-                swapSubscriptions(0, subsList.count() - 1)
+            if (subsList.moveItem(subsList.lastIndex, 0)) {
+                MmkvManager.encodeSubsList(subsList)
            }
        }
    }
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

-import android.os.SystemClock
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.IPAPIInfo
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.UrlContentRequest
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
-import kotlinx.coroutines.currentCoroutineContext
-import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
 import java.io.IOException
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress
 import java.net.Socket
@@ -16,28 +13,10 @@ import java.net.UnknownHostException

 object SpeedtestManager {

-    private val tcpTestingSockets = ArrayList<Socket?>()
-
-    /**
-     * Measures the TCP connection time to a given URL and port.
-     *
-     * @param url The URL to connect to.
-     * @param port The port to connect to.
-     * @return The connection time in milliseconds, or -1 if the connection failed.
-     */
-    suspend fun tcping(url: String, port: Int): Long {
-        var time = -1L
-        for (k in 0 until 2) {
-            val one = socketConnectTime(url, port)
-            if (!currentCoroutineContext().isActive) {
-                break
-            }
-            if (one != -1L && (time == -1L || one < time)) {
-                time = one
-            }
-        }
-        return time
-    }
+    data class RemoteEndpointInfo(
+        val country: String?,
+        val ipAddress: String?,
+    )

    /**
     * Measures the time taken to establish a TCP connection to a given URL and port.
@@ -46,43 +25,35 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
     * @param port The port to connect to.
     * @return The connection time in milliseconds, or -1 if the connection failed.
     */
-    fun socketConnectTime(url: String, port: Int): Long {
+    fun socketConnectTime(url: String, port: Int, timeoutMs: Int = 1500): Long {
+        var socket: Socket? = null
+        val start = System.currentTimeMillis()
+
        try {
-            val socket = Socket()
-            synchronized(this) {
-                tcpTestingSockets.add(socket)
-            }
-            val start = System.currentTimeMillis()
-            socket.connect(InetSocketAddress(url, port), 3000)
-            val time = System.currentTimeMillis() - start
-            synchronized(this) {
-                tcpTestingSockets.remove(socket)
-            }
-            socket.close()
-            return time
+            socket = Socket()
+            socket.connect(InetSocketAddress(url, port), timeoutMs)
+
+            return System.currentTimeMillis() - start
        } catch (e: UnknownHostException) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Unknown host: $url", e)
        } catch (e: IOException) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "socketConnectTime IOException: $e")
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "socketConnectTime IOException: ${e.message}")
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to establish socket connection to $url:$port", e)
+        } finally {
+            socket?.let { s ->
+                try {
+                    if (!s.isClosed) {
+                        s.close()
+                    }
+                } catch (closeEx: IOException) {
+                }
+            }
        }
        return -1
    }

-    /**
-     * Closes all TCP sockets that are currently being tested.
-     */
-    fun closeAllTcpSockets() {
-        synchronized(this) {
-            tcpTestingSockets.forEach {
-                it?.close()
-            }
-            tcpTestingSockets.clear()
-        }
-    }
-
-    fun getRemoteIPInfo(): String? {
+    fun getRemoteIPInfo(): RemoteEndpointInfo? {
        val url = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_IP_API_URL)
            .takeIf { !it.isNullOrBlank() } ?: AppConfig.IP_API_URL

@@ -90,8 +61,16 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
        val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()
        val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
        if (httpPort == 0) return null
-        val content = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword) ?: return null
-        val ipInfo = JsonUtil.fromJson(content, IPAPIInfo::class.java) ?: return null
+        val content = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(
+            UrlContentRequest(
+                url = url,
+                timeout = 5000,
+                httpPort = httpPort,
+                proxyUsername = proxyUsername,
+                proxyPassword = proxyPassword
+            )
+        ) ?: return null
+        val ipInfo = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(content, IPAPIInfo::class.java) ?: return null

        val ip = listOf(
            ipInfo.ip,
@@ -107,6 +86,9 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
            ipInfo.location?.country_code
        ).firstOrNull { !it.isNullOrBlank() }

-        return "(${country ?: "unknown"}) ${ip ?: "unknown"}"
+        return RemoteEndpointInfo(
+            country = country,
+            ipAddress = ip,
+        )
    }
 }
@@ -1,12 +1,7 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

 import android.annotation.SuppressLint
-import android.app.NotificationChannel
-import android.app.NotificationManager
 import android.content.Context
-import android.os.Build
-import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
-import androidx.core.app.NotificationManagerCompat
 import androidx.work.Constraints
 import androidx.work.CoroutineWorker
 import androidx.work.ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy
@@ -17,8 +12,8 @@ import androidx.work.multiprocess.RemoteWorkManager
 import androidx.work.workDataOf
 import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionCache
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionUpdateMessage
+import com.v2ray.ang.helper.MessageHelper
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit

@@ -47,14 +42,15 @@ object SubscriptionUpdater {
                ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.KEEP
            }

-        MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions().forEach { sub ->
-            scheduleOne(
-                context = context,
-                subId = sub.guid,
-                shouldRun = sub.subscription.autoUpdate,
-                existingWorkPolicy = existingWorkPolicy
-            )
-        }
+        MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions()
+            .filter { it.subscription.autoUpdate && it.subscription.url.isNotEmpty() }
+            .forEach { sub ->
+                scheduleOne(
+                    context = context,
+                    subId = sub.guid,
+                    existingWorkPolicy = existingWorkPolicy
+                )
+            }
        LogUtil.i(
            AppConfig.TAG,
            "SubscriptionUpdater: sync complete forceReschedule=$forceReschedule"
@@ -66,11 +62,9 @@ object SubscriptionUpdater {
     * Call from: SubEditActivity after saving, after a manual update (to reset the timer).
     */
    fun syncOne(context: Context = AngApplication.application, subId: String) {
-        val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId) ?: return
        scheduleOne(
            context = context,
            subId = subId,
-            shouldRun = subItem.autoUpdate,
            existingWorkPolicy = ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.REPLACE
        )
    }
@@ -84,6 +78,17 @@ object SubscriptionUpdater {
            .cancelUniqueWork(taskName(subId))
    }

+    /**
+     * Update the last updated timestamp and reschedule the task.
+     * This is used to reset the periodic timer and prevent rapid rescheduling loops.
+     */
+    fun updateLastUpdatedAndReschedule(context: Context = AngApplication.application, subId: String) {
+        val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId) ?: return
+        subItem.lastUpdated = System.currentTimeMillis()
+        MmkvManager.encodeSubscription(subId, subItem)
+        syncOne(context, subId)
+    }
+
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Internal scheduling logic
    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -93,17 +98,20 @@ object SubscriptionUpdater {
    private fun scheduleOne(
        context: Context,
        subId: String,
-        shouldRun: Boolean,
        existingWorkPolicy: ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy
    ) {
+        val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId) ?: return
        val rw = RemoteWorkManager.getInstance(context)
-        if (!shouldRun) {
-            rw.cancelUniqueWork(taskName(subId))
-            LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: cancelled task for $subId")
+        if (!subItem.autoUpdate) {
+            cancelOne(context, subId)
+            LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: cancelled task for ${subItem.remarks}")
            return
        }

-        val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId) ?: return
+        if (subItem.url.isEmpty()) {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: url isEmpty for ${subItem.remarks}, skip")
+            return
+        }

        val intervalMinutes = maxOf(
            AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_MIN_INTERVAL_MINUTES,
@@ -114,12 +122,17 @@ object SubscriptionUpdater {
        val lastUpdated = subItem.lastUpdated
        val intervalMillis = intervalMinutes * 60 * 1000L
        val now = System.currentTimeMillis()
-        val initialDelayMillis = if (lastUpdated <= 0L) {
+        var initialDelayMillis = if (lastUpdated <= 0L) {
            0L
        } else {
            maxOf(0L, lastUpdated + intervalMillis - now)
        }

+        // Add a small floor to initial delay to prevent rapid rescheduling loops.
+        if (existingWorkPolicy == ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.REPLACE && initialDelayMillis < 5000L) {
+            initialDelayMillis = 5000L
+        }
+
        val request = PeriodicWorkRequestBuilder<UpdateTask>(intervalMinutes, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
            .setConstraints(
                Constraints.Builder()
@@ -139,8 +152,8 @@ object SubscriptionUpdater {

        LogUtil.i(
            AppConfig.TAG,
-            "SubscriptionUpdater: scheduled [$subId] interval=${intervalMinutes}min " +
-                "initialDelay=${initialDelayMillis / 1000}s policy=$existingWorkPolicy"
+            "SubscriptionUpdater: scheduled [${subItem.remarks}] interval=${intervalMinutes}min " +
+                    "initialDelay=${initialDelayMillis / 1000}s policy=$existingWorkPolicy"
        )
    }

@@ -153,57 +166,24 @@ object SubscriptionUpdater {
    class UpdateTask(context: Context, params: WorkerParameters) :
        CoroutineWorker(context, params) {

-        private val notificationManager = NotificationManagerCompat.from(applicationContext)
-        private val notification =
-            NotificationCompat.Builder(applicationContext, AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL)
-                .setWhen(0)
-                .setTicker("Update")
-                .setContentTitle(applicationContext.getString(R.string.title_pref_auto_update_subscription))
-                .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
-                .setCategory(NotificationCompat.CATEGORY_SERVICE)
-                .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_DEFAULT)
-
        @SuppressLint("MissingPermission")
        override suspend fun doWork(): Result {
            val subId = inputData.getString(KEY_SUB_ID)
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater automatic update starting: $subId")
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater update starting via Service: $subId")

            if (subId.isNullOrEmpty()) {
                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: missing subId in worker input")
                return Result.success()
            }

+            updateLastUpdatedAndReschedule(applicationContext, subId)

-            val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId)
-            if (subItem == null) {
-                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: no subscription found for $subId")
-                return Result.success()
-            }
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2SubscriptionService(
+                applicationContext,
+                SubscriptionUpdateMessage(AppConfig.MSG_SUB_UPDATE_START, true, listOf(subId))
+            )

-            if (!subItem.autoUpdate) {
-                LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: auto-update disabled for $subId, skip")
-                return Result.success()
-            }
-
-            val sub = SubscriptionCache(subId, subItem)
-
-            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-                notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(
-                    NotificationChannel(
-                        AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL,
-                        AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL_NAME,
-                        NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_MIN
-                    )
-                )
-            }
-
-            notificationManager.notify(3, notification.build())
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater automatic update: ---${sub.subscription.remarks}")
-            AngConfigManager.updateConfigViaSub(sub)
-            notification.setContentText("Updating ${sub.subscription.remarks}")
-
-            notificationManager.cancel(3)
            return Result.success()
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

-import android.content.Context
 import android.os.Build
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.BuildConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CheckUpdateResult
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.GitHubRelease
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.UrlContentRequest
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.concatUrl
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
-import java.io.File
-import java.io.FileOutputStream

 object UpdateCheckerManager {
    suspend fun checkForUpdate(includePreRelease: Boolean = false): CheckUpdateResult = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
@@ -26,19 +24,32 @@ object UpdateCheckerManager {
        val proxyUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
        val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()

-        var response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000)
+        var response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(
+            UrlContentRequest(
+                url = url,
+                timeout = 5000
+            )
+        )
        if (response.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-            response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword)
+            response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(
+                UrlContentRequest(
+                    url = url,
+                    timeout = 5000,
+                    httpPort = httpPort,
+                    proxyUsername = proxyUsername,
+                    proxyPassword = proxyPassword
+                )
+            )
                ?: throw IllegalStateException("Failed to get response")
        }

        val latestRelease = if (includePreRelease) {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(response, Array<GitHubRelease>::class.java)
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(response, Array<GitHubRelease>::class.java)
                ?.firstOrNull()
                ?: throw IllegalStateException("No pre-release found")
        } else {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(response, GitHubRelease::class.java)
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(response, GitHubRelease::class.java)
        }
        if (latestRelease == null) {
            return@withContext CheckUpdateResult(hasUpdate = false)
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.WebDavConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.WebDavConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-import android.graphics.Canvas
-import android.graphics.Rect
-import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable
-import android.view.View
-import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
-
-class CustomDividerItemDecoration(
-    private val divider: Drawable,
-    private val orientation: Int
-) : RecyclerView.ItemDecoration() {
-
-    override fun onDraw(canvas: Canvas, parent: RecyclerView, state: RecyclerView.State) {
-        if (orientation == RecyclerView.VERTICAL) {
-            drawVerticalDividers(canvas, parent)
-        } else {
-            drawHorizontalDividers(canvas, parent)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private fun drawVerticalDividers(canvas: Canvas, parent: RecyclerView) {
-        val left = parent.paddingLeft
-        val right = parent.width - parent.paddingRight
-
-        val childCount = parent.childCount
-        for (i in 0 until childCount - 1) {
-            val child = parent.getChildAt(i)
-            val params = child.layoutParams as RecyclerView.LayoutParams
-
-            val top = child.bottom + params.bottomMargin
-            val bottom = top + divider.intrinsicHeight
-
-            divider.setBounds(left, top, right, bottom)
-            divider.draw(canvas)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private fun drawHorizontalDividers(canvas: Canvas, parent: RecyclerView) {
-        val top = parent.paddingTop
-        val bottom = parent.height - parent.paddingBottom
-
-        val childCount = parent.childCount
-        for (i in 0 until childCount - 1) {
-            val child = parent.getChildAt(i)
-            val params = child.layoutParams as RecyclerView.LayoutParams
-
-            val left = child.right + params.rightMargin
-            val right = left + divider.intrinsicWidth
-
-            divider.setBounds(left, top, right, bottom)
-            divider.draw(canvas)
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun getItemOffsets(
-        outRect: Rect,
-        view: View,
-        parent: RecyclerView,
-        state: RecyclerView.State
-    ) {
-        if (orientation == RecyclerView.VERTICAL) {
-            outRect.set(0, 0, 0, divider.intrinsicHeight)
-        } else {
-            outRect.set(0, 0, divider.intrinsicWidth, 0)
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.helper

+import android.app.Activity
 import android.content.ActivityNotFoundException
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.net.Uri
+import androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
 import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
 import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
@@ -15,14 +16,14 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 * Helper for choosing and creating files using Android Storage Access Framework.
 * Supports both file selection (ACTION_GET_CONTENT) and file creation (CreateDocument).
 */
-class FileChooserHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+class FileChooserHelper(private val activity: ComponentActivity) {
    private var fileChooserCallback: ((Uri?) -> Unit)? = null
    private var documentCreateCallback: ((Uri?) -> Unit)? = null

    private val fileChooserLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<Intent> =
        activity.registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.StartActivityForResult()) { result ->
            val uri = result.data?.data
-            if (result.resultCode == AppCompatActivity.RESULT_OK && uri != null) {
+            if (result.resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK && uri != null) {
                fileChooserCallback?.invoke(uri)
            } else {
                fileChooserCallback?.invoke(null)
@@ -85,4 +86,4 @@ class FileChooserHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
            documentCreateCallback = null
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 Paul Burke
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-/**
- * Interface to listen for a move or dismissal event from a [ItemTouchHelper.Callback].
- *
- * @author Paul Burke (ipaulpro)
- */
-interface ItemTouchHelperAdapter {
-    /**
-     * Called when an item has been dragged far enough to trigger a move. This is called every time
-     * an item is shifted, and **not** at the end of a "drop" event.<br></br>
-     * <br></br>
-     * Implementations should call [RecyclerView.Adapter.notifyItemMoved] after
-     * adjusting the underlying data to reflect this move.
-     *
-     * @param fromPosition The start position of the moved item.
-     * @param toPosition   Then resolved position of the moved item.
-     * @return True if the item was moved to the new adapter position.
-     * @see RecyclerView.getAdapterPositionFor
-     * @see RecyclerView.ViewHolder.getAdapterPosition
-     */
-    fun onItemMove(fromPosition: Int, toPosition: Int): Boolean
-
-
-    fun onItemMoveCompleted()
-
-    /**
-     * Called when an item has been dismissed by a swipe.<br></br>
-     * <br></br>
-     * Implementations should call [RecyclerView.Adapter.notifyItemRemoved] after
-     * adjusting the underlying data to reflect this removal.
-     *
-     * @param position The position of the item dismissed.
-     * @see RecyclerView.getAdapterPositionFor
-     * @see RecyclerView.ViewHolder.getAdapterPosition
-     */
-    fun onItemDismiss(position: Int)
-}
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 Paul Burke
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-import androidx.recyclerview.widget.ItemTouchHelper
-
-/**
- * Interface to notify an item ViewHolder of relevant callbacks from [ ].
- *
- * @author Paul Burke (ipaulpro)
- */
-interface ItemTouchHelperViewHolder {
-    /**
-     * Called when the [ItemTouchHelper] first registers an item as being moved or swiped.
-     * Implementations should update the item view to indicate it's active state.
-     */
-    fun onItemSelected()
-
-
-    /**
-     * Called when the [ItemTouchHelper] has completed the move or swipe, and the active item
-     * state should be cleared.
-     */
-    fun onItemClear()
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.helper
+
+import android.app.Activity
+import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
+import android.content.ComponentName
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionUpdateMessage
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.TestServiceMessage
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreTestService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.SubscriptionUpdateService
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import java.io.Serializable
+
+object MessageHelper {
+
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the service.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param what The message identifier.
+     * @param content The message content.
+     */
+    fun sendMsg2Service(ctx: Context, what: Int, content: Serializable) {
+        sendMsg(ctx, AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE, what, content)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends an ordered service message and reports whether a daemon receiver handled it.
+     * With no running daemon, the initial canceled result reaches [onResult] unchanged.
+     */
+    internal fun sendMsg2ServiceForResult(
+        ctx: Context,
+        what: Int,
+        content: Serializable,
+        onResult: (handled: Boolean) -> Unit,
+    ) {
+        val resultReceiver = object : BroadcastReceiver() {
+            override fun onReceive(context: Context?, intent: Intent?) {
+                onResult(resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK)
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            ctx.sendOrderedBroadcast(
+                messageIntent(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE, what, content),
+                null,
+                resultReceiver,
+                null,
+                Activity.RESULT_CANCELED,
+                null,
+                null,
+            )
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to send ordered message to service", e)
+            onResult(false)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the UI.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param what The message identifier.
+     * @param content The message content.
+     */
+    fun sendMsg2UI(ctx: Context, what: Int, content: Serializable) {
+        sendMsg(ctx, AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_ACTIVITY, what, content)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the test service.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param message The test service message containing key, subscriptionId, and serverGuids.
+     */
+    fun sendMsg2TestService(ctx: Context, message: TestServiceMessage) {
+        try {
+            val intent = Intent()
+            intent.component = ComponentName(ctx, CoreTestService::class.java)
+            intent.putExtra("content", message)
+            when (message.key) {
+                AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_START -> {
+                    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
+                        ContextCompat.startForegroundService(ctx, intent)
+                    } else {
+                        ctx.startService(intent)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL -> {
+                    // Do not wake up service just to cancel; stop only if it is already running.
+                    ctx.stopService(intent)
+                }
+
+                else -> {
+                    ctx.startService(intent)
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to send message to test service", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the subscription service.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param message The subscription service message containing key and subId.
+     */
+    fun sendMsg2SubscriptionService(ctx: Context, message: SubscriptionUpdateMessage) {
+        try {
+            val intent = Intent()
+            intent.component = ComponentName(ctx, SubscriptionUpdateService::class.java)
+            intent.putExtra("content", message)
+            when (message.key) {
+                AppConfig.MSG_SUB_UPDATE_START -> {
+                    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
+                        ContextCompat.startForegroundService(ctx, intent)
+                    } else {
+                        ctx.startService(intent)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                AppConfig.MSG_SUB_UPDATE_CANCEL -> {
+                    ctx.stopService(intent)
+                }
+
+                else -> {
+                    ctx.startService(intent)
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to send message to subscription service", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message with the specified action.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param action The action string.
+     * @param what The message identifier.
+     * @param content The message content.
+     */
+    private fun sendMsg(ctx: Context, action: String, what: Int, content: Serializable) {
+        try {
+            ctx.sendBroadcast(messageIntent(action, what, content))
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to send message with action: $action", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun messageIntent(action: String, what: Int, content: Serializable): Intent =
+        Intent(action).apply {
+            `package` = AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
+            putExtra("key", what)
+            putExtra("content", content)
+        }
+}
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-import androidx.preference.PreferenceDataStore
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsChangeManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
-
-/**
- * PreferenceDataStore implementation that bridges AndroidX Preference framework to MMKV storage.
- * This ensures that all Preference UI operations read/write directly from/to MMKV,
- * avoiding inconsistencies between SharedPreferences and MMKV.
- */
-class MmkvPreferenceDataStore : PreferenceDataStore() {
-
-    override fun putString(key: String, value: String?) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getString(key: String, defaultValue: String?): String? {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putInt(key: String, value: Int) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getInt(key: String, defaultValue: Int): Int {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsInt(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putLong(key: String, value: Long) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getLong(key: String, defaultValue: Long): Long {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsLong(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putFloat(key: String, value: Float) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getFloat(key: String, defaultValue: Float): Float {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsFloat(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putBoolean(key: String, value: Boolean) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getBoolean(key: String, defaultValue: Boolean): Boolean {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putStringSet(key: String, values: MutableSet<String>?) {
-        if (values == null) {
-            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, null as String?)
-        } else {
-            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, values)
-        }
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getStringSet(key: String, defaultValues: MutableSet<String>?): MutableSet<String>? {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsStringSet(key) ?: defaultValues
-    }
-
-    // Internal helper: notify other modules about setting changes
-    private fun notifySettingChanged(key: String) {
-        if (key == AppConfig.PREF_LOGLEVEL) {
-            LogUtil.refreshLogLevel()
-        }
-
-        // Call SettingsManager.setNightMode if UI mode changed
-        if (key == AppConfig.PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT) {
-            SettingsManager.setNightMode()
-        }
-        // Notify listeners that require service restart or reinit
-        SettingsChangeManager.makeRestartService()
-        SettingsChangeManager.makeSetupGroupTab()
-    }
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.helper
+
+import android.app.Notification
+import android.app.NotificationChannel
+import android.app.NotificationManager
+import android.app.Service
+import android.content.Context
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NotificationChannelType
+
+/**
+ * Unified notification helper for different notification channels.
+ * Supports both regular notifications and foreground service notifications.
+ *
+ * Performance: NotificationManager is cached. Builder is created once per update.
+ * Safe for high-frequency updates (100+ times/second).
+ */
+object NotificationHelper {
+
+    // Cached instances for performance
+    private var cachedNotificationManager: NotificationManager? = null
+    private val builderCache = mutableMapOf<Int, NotificationCompat.Builder>()
+
+    /**
+     * Notify with a regular notification (non-foreground).
+     *
+     * @param channelType The notification channel type (defines channelId, notificationId, etc.)
+     * @param context The context for building the notification
+     * @param title The notification title
+     * @param content The notification content text
+     */
+    fun notify(
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        context: Context,
+        title: String,
+        content: String
+    ) {
+        ensureChannelCreated(channelType, context)
+        val notificationManager = getNotificationManager(context)
+        val builder = buildNotificationBuilder(channelType, context, title, content)
+        notificationManager.notify(channelType.notificationId, builder.build())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update an existing notification's content.
+     * Optimized for high-frequency updates (100+/sec).
+     * Reuses cached Builder to minimize allocation overhead.
+     *
+     * @param channelType The notification channel type
+     * @param context The context
+     * @param content The new content text
+     */
+    fun updateNotification(
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        context: Context,
+        title: String,
+        content: String
+    ) {
+        val notificationManager = getNotificationManager(context)
+
+        // Get or create builder from cache
+        val builder = builderCache.getOrPut(channelType.notificationId) {
+            buildNotificationBuilder(channelType, context, title, content)
+        }
+
+        // Update only the content text (fast operation)
+        builder.setContentText(content)
+        notificationManager.notify(channelType.notificationId, builder.build())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start a foreground service with a notification.
+     *
+     * @param service The service to set as foreground
+     * @param channelType The notification channel type
+     * @param title The notification title
+     * @param content The notification content text
+     * @param action An optional action retained when the notification is updated
+     */
+    fun startForeground(
+        service: Service,
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        title: String,
+        content: String,
+        action: NotificationCompat.Action? = null
+    ) {
+        ensureChannelCreated(channelType, service)
+        val builder = buildNotificationBuilder(channelType, service, title, content, action)
+        builderCache[channelType.notificationId] = builder
+        service.startForeground(channelType.notificationId, builder.build())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop the foreground notification for a service.
+     *
+     * @param service The service to stop foreground on
+     */
+    fun stopForeground(service: Service) {
+        service.stopForeground(Service.STOP_FOREGROUND_REMOVE)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cancel a notification and clean up cached builder.
+     *
+     * @param channelType The notification channel type
+     * @param context The context
+     */
+    fun cancel(
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        context: Context
+    ) {
+        getNotificationManager(context).cancel(channelType.notificationId)
+        builderCache.remove(channelType.notificationId)  // Clean up cache
+    }
+
+    // ====== Private helper methods ======
+
+    private fun getNotificationManager(context: Context): NotificationManager {
+        if (cachedNotificationManager == null) {
+            cachedNotificationManager = context.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager
+        }
+        return cachedNotificationManager!!
+    }
+
+    private fun ensureChannelCreated(channelType: NotificationChannelType, context: Context) {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.O) return
+
+        val notificationManager = context.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager
+        if (notificationManager.getNotificationChannel(channelType.channelId) != null) return
+
+        val channel = NotificationChannel(
+            channelType.channelId,
+            channelType.channelName,
+            NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_LOW
+        ).apply {
+            lockscreenVisibility = Notification.VISIBILITY_PRIVATE
+        }
+        notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(channel)
+    }
+
+    private fun buildNotificationBuilder(
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        context: Context,
+        title: String,
+        content: String,
+        action: NotificationCompat.Action? = null
+    ): NotificationCompat.Builder {
+        val channelId = if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
+            channelType.channelId
+        } else {
+            ""
+        }
+
+        val displayTitle = title.ifEmpty { context.getString(R.string.app_name) }
+        return NotificationCompat.Builder(context, channelId)
+            .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
+            .setContentTitle(displayTitle)
+            .setContentText(content)
+            .setOngoing(false)
+            .setOnlyAlertOnce(true)
+            .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_LOW)
+            .setCategory(NotificationCompat.CATEGORY_SERVICE)
+            .apply { action?.let(::addAction) }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.helper

 import android.content.pm.PackageManager
+import androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
 import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
 import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.PermissionType
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
 /**
 * Helper for requesting permissions.
 */
-class PermissionHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+class PermissionHelper(private val activity: ComponentActivity) {
    private var permissionCallback: ((Boolean) -> Unit)? = null

    private val permissionLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<String> =
@@ -36,11 +36,14 @@ class PermissionHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
                if (isGranted) {
                    onGranted()
                } else {
-                    val message = "${activity.getString(R.string.toast_permission_denied)}  ${permissionType.getLabel()}"
+                    val message = activity.getString(
+                        R.string.toast_permission_denied_for,
+                        activity.getString(permissionType.getLabelRes())
+                    )
                    activity.toast(message)
                }
            }
            permissionLauncher.launch(permission)
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.helper

+import android.app.Activity
 import android.content.Intent
+import androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
 import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
 import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
 import com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScannerActivity

 /**
@@ -12,12 +13,12 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScannerActivity
 * This class encapsulates the logic for launching the QR code scanner activity
 * and handling the scan result.
 */
-class QRCodeScannerHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+class QRCodeScannerHelper(private val activity: ComponentActivity) {
    private var scanCallback: ((String?) -> Unit)? = null

    private val scanLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<Intent> =
        activity.registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.StartActivityForResult()) { result ->
-            if (result.resultCode == AppCompatActivity.RESULT_OK) {
+            if (result.resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
                val scanResult = result.data?.getStringExtra("SCAN_RESULT")
                scanCallback?.invoke(scanResult)
            } else {