up 2.3.3

Simplify core error handling paths
https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/pull/6025
2026-10-29 14:39:25 +00:00 · 2026-08-07 16:27:33 +08:00 · 2026-08-07 16:24:20 +08:00 · 2026-08-07 15:58:11 +08:00 · 2026-08-06 17:12:26 +08:00 · 2026-08-06 17:04:39 +08:00
316 changed files with 22844 additions and 16088 deletions
@@ -10,37 +10,40 @@ on:
    branches:
      - master

+permissions:
+  contents: write
+
 jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    steps:
    - name: Checkout code
-      uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      uses: actions/checkout@v7
      with:
        submodules: 'recursive'
        fetch-depth: '0'

    - name: Setup Android SDK
-      uses: android-actions/setup-android@v4.0.1
+      uses: android-actions/setup-android@v4
      with:
        log-accepted-android-sdk-licenses: false
-        cmdline-tools-version: '13114758'
-        packages: 'platforms;android-36.1 build-tools;36.1.0 platform-tools'
+        cmdline-tools-version: '14742923'
+        packages: 'platforms;android-37.0 build-tools;37.0.0 platform-tools'

    - name: Install NDK
      run: |
        echo "y" | $ANDROID_HOME/cmdline-tools/latest/bin/sdkmanager \
          --channel=0 \
-          --install "ndk;28.2.13676358"
-        echo "NDK_HOME=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/28.2.13676358" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          --install "ndk;29.0.14206865"
+        echo "NDK_HOME=$ANDROID_HOME/ndk/29.0.14206865" >> $GITHUB_ENV
        sed -i '10i\
        \
-            ndkVersion = "28.2.13676358"' ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build.gradle.kts
+            ndkVersion = "29.0.14206865"' ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build.gradle.kts

    - name: Restore cached libhevtun
      id: cache-libhevtun-restore
-      uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+      uses: actions/cache/restore@v6
      with:
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libs
        key: libhevtun-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/hev-socks5-tunnel/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('compile-hevtun.sh') }}
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
    
    - name: Save libhevtun
      if: steps.cache-libhevtun-restore.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-      uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+      uses: actions/cache/save@v6
      with:
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/libs
        key: libhevtun-${{ runner.os }}-${{ env.NDK_HOME }}-${{ hashFiles('.git/modules/hev-socks5-tunnel/HEAD') }}-${{ hashFiles('compile-hevtun.sh') }}
@@ -78,13 +81,13 @@ jobs:
        out-file-path: V2rayNG/app/libs/

    - name: Setup Java
-      uses: actions/setup-java@v5
+      uses: actions/setup-java@v5.7.0
      with:
        distribution: 'temurin'
        java-version: '21'

    - name: Decode Keystore
-      uses: timheuer/base64-to-file@v1.2.4
+      uses: timheuer/base64-to-file@v2.0.0
      id: android_keystore
      with:
        fileName: "android_keystore.jks"
@@ -119,11 +122,41 @@ jobs:
        name: x86-apk
        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*x86*.apk

-    - name: Upload to release
-      uses: svenstaro/upload-release-action@v2
-      if: github.event.inputs.release_tag != ''
+    - name: Upload universal APK
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@v7
+      if: ${{ success() }}
      with:
-        file: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*.apk
-        tag: ${{ github.event.inputs.release_tag }}
-        file_glob: true
-        prerelease: true
+        name: universal-apk
+        path: ${{ github.workspace }}/V2rayNG/app/build/outputs/apk/*/release/*universal*.apk
+
+  sign-and-release:
+    needs: build
+    runs-on: ubuntu-26.04
+    if: github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && inputs.release_tag != ''
+
+    steps:
+      - name: Download APK artifacts
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v8
+        with:
+          path: release
+
+      - name: Sign APK files
+        run: |
+          printf '%s' "${{ secrets.GPG_PRIVATE_KEY }}" | gpg --batch --import
+          KEY=$(gpg --list-secret-keys --with-colons | awk -F: '/^fpr:/ {print $10; exit}')
+          mkdir -p release-files
+
+          find release -type f -name '*.apk' | while read apk; do
+            cp "$apk" release-files/
+            gpg --batch --yes --local-user "$KEY" --detach-sign --output "release-files/$(basename "$apk").sig" "$apk"
+          done
+
+          gpg --armor --export "$KEY" > release-files/v2rayN-public-key.asc
+
+      - name: Upload APKs, signatures and public key to release
+        uses: svenstaro/upload-release-action@v2
+        with:
+          file: release-files/*
+          tag: ${{ inputs.release_tag }}
+          file_glob: true
+          prerelease: true
@@ -11,6 +11,6 @@ jobs:
  go:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v7
      - name: Validate Fastlane Supply Metadata
        uses: ashutoshgngwr/validate-fastlane-supply-metadata@v2.1.0
@@ -3,30 +3,88 @@
 A V2Ray client for Android, support [Xray core](https://github.com/XTLS/Xray-core) and [v2fly core](https://github.com/v2fly/v2ray-core)

 [![API](https://img.shields.io/badge/API-24%2B-yellow.svg?style=flat)](https://developer.android.com/about/versions/lollipop)
-[![Kotlin Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Kotlin-2.3.0-blue.svg)](https://kotlinlang.org)
+[![Kotlin Version](https://img.shields.io/badge/Kotlin-2.4.0-blue.svg)](https://kotlinlang.org)
 [![GitHub commit activity](https://img.shields.io/github/commit-activity/m/2dust/v2rayNG)](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/commits/master)
 [![CodeFactor](https://www.codefactor.io/repository/github/2dust/v2rayng/badge)](https://www.codefactor.io/repository/github/2dust/v2rayng)
 [![GitHub Releases](https://img.shields.io/github/downloads/2dust/v2rayNG/latest/total?logo=github)](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/releases)
 [![Chat on Telegram](https://img.shields.io/badge/Chat%20on-Telegram-brightgreen.svg)](https://t.me/v2rayn)

-### Telegram Channel
-[github_2dust](https://t.me/github_2dust)
+---

-### Usage
+## Download / 下载
+
+Download the latest release here:
+
+在这里下载最新版本：
+
+[https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/releases](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/releases)
+
+> [!TIP]
+> v2rayNG is the mobile version. For the desktop version, please visit the v2rayN \
+> v2rayNG 是手机版，电脑版请访问 v2rayN
+>
+> https://github.com/2dust/v2rayN
+
+---
+
+### Geoip and Geosite

-#### Geoip and Geosite
 - geoip.dat and geosite.dat files are in `Android/data/com.v2ray.ang/files/assets` (path may differ on some Android device)
- download feature will get enhanced version in this [repo](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) (Note it need a working proxy)
+- download feature will get enhanced version in this [repo](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) (note: it needs a working proxy)
 - latest official [domain list](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) and [ip list](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/geoip) can be imported manually
- possible to use third party dat file in the same folder, like [h2y](https://guide.v2fly.org/routing/sitedata.html#%E5%A4%96%E7%BD%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6)
+- possible to use a third-party dat file in the same folder, like [h2y](https://guide.v2fly.org/routing/sitedata.html#%E5%A4%96%E7%BD%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6)

-### More in our [wiki](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/wiki)
+More in our [wiki](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/wiki)

-### Development guide
+### Geoip 与 Geosite

-Android project under V2rayNG folder can be compiled directly in Android Studio, or using Gradle wrapper. But the v2ray core inside the aar is (probably) outdated.  
-The aar can be compiled from the Golang project [AndroidLibV2rayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibV2rayLite) or [AndroidLibXrayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibXrayLite).
-For a quick start, read guide for [Go Mobile](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile) and [Makefiles for Go Developers](https://tutorialedge.net/golang/makefiles-for-go-developers/)
+- geoip.dat 和 geosite.dat 文件位于 `Android/data/com.v2ray.ang/files/assets`（部分设备路径可能不同）
+- 下载功能将获取该 [仓库](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) 中的增强版本（注意：此功能需要一个可用的代理）
+- 最新官方 [域名列表](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/v2ray-rules-dat) 和 [IP 列表](https://github.com/Loyalsoldier/geoip) 可手动导入
+- 也可在同一文件夹中使用第三方 dat 文件，例如 [h2y](https://guide.v2fly.org/routing/sitedata.html#%E5%A4%96%E7%BD%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E6%96%87%E4%BB%B6)

-v2rayNG can run on Android Emulators. For WSA, VPN permission need to be granted via
-`appops set [package name] ACTIVATE_VPN allow`
+更多内容请见我们的 [wiki](https://github.com/2dust/v2rayNG/wiki)
+
+---
+
+## Development guide / 开发指南
+
+### Note
+
+- Android project under the V2rayNG folder can be compiled directly in Android Studio, or using the Gradle wrapper. But the v2ray core inside the aar is (probably) outdated.
+- The aar can be compiled from the Golang project [AndroidLibV2rayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibV2rayLite) or [AndroidLibXrayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibXrayLite). For a quick start, read the guides for [Go Mobile](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile) and [Makefiles for Go Developers](https://tutorialedge.net/golang/makefiles-for-go-developers/).
+- v2rayNG can run on Android Emulators. For WSA, VPN permission needs to be granted via `appops set [package name] ACTIVATE_VPN allow`.
+
+### 提示
+
+- V2rayNG 文件夹下的 Android 项目可直接在 Android Studio 中编译，或使用 Gradle wrapper 编译。但 aar 内置的 v2ray core（可能）已过时。
+- aar 可由 Golang 项目 [AndroidLibV2rayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibV2rayLite) 或 [AndroidLibXrayLite](https://github.com/2dust/AndroidLibXrayLite) 编译而成。快速入门可参考 [Go Mobile](https://github.com/golang/go/wiki/Mobile) 指南和 [Makefiles for Go Developers](https://tutorialedge.net/golang/makefiles-for-go-developers/)。
+- v2rayNG 可在 Android 模拟器上运行。对于 WSA，需要通过 `appops set [package name] ACTIVATE_VPN allow` 授予 VPN 权限。
+
+---
+
+
+## GPG Verification / GPG 签名校验
+
+Release files are signed with GPG to verify authenticity and integrity, helping prevent mirror, ISP, or CDN hijacking.
+
+发布文件已使用 GPG 签名，可用于校验文件真实性与完整性，预防镜像站、运营商或 CDN 劫持。
+
+### Fingerprint / 公钥指纹
+
+```text
+7694 5E9F 3E9A 168F 8070 F195 805D 661C
+134D FAF6 8903 C199 463C 31E5 AE90 3AE0
+```
+
+---
+
+## Community / 社区
+
+Telegram Group / Telegram 群组：
+
+[https://t.me/v2rayN](https://t.me/v2rayN)
+
+Telegram Channel / Telegram 频道：
+
+[https://t.me/github_2dust](https://t.me/github_2dust)
@@ -1,27 +1,27 @@
 plugins {
    alias(libs.plugins.android.application)
    alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.android)
+    alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.compose)
    id("com.jaredsburrows.license")
 }

 android {
    namespace = "com.v2ray.ang"
-    compileSdk = 36
+    compileSdk = 37

    defaultConfig {
        applicationId = "com.v2ray.ang"
        minSdk = 24
-        targetSdk = 36
-        versionCode = 722
-        versionName = "2.1.2"
-        multiDexEnabled = true
+        targetSdk = 37
+        versionCode = 743
+        versionName = "2.3.3"

        val abiFilterList = (properties["ABI_FILTERS"] as? String)?.split(';')
        splits {
            abi {
                isEnable = true
                reset()
-                if (abiFilterList != null && abiFilterList.isNotEmpty()) {
+                if (!abiFilterList.isNullOrEmpty()) {
                    include(*abiFilterList.toTypedArray())
                } else {
                    include(
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ android {
    }

    buildFeatures {
-        viewBinding = true
        buildConfig = true
+        compose = true
    }

    packaging {
@@ -142,20 +142,20 @@ dependencies {

    // AndroidX Core Libraries
    implementation(libs.androidx.core.ktx)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.appcompat)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.activity)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.constraintlayout)
-    implementation(libs.preference.ktx)
-    implementation(libs.recyclerview)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.swiperefreshlayout)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.viewpager2)
-    implementation(libs.androidx.fragment)

-    // UI Libraries
-    implementation(libs.material)
-    implementation(libs.toasty)
-    implementation(libs.editorkit)
-    implementation(libs.flexbox)
+    // Compose Libraries
+    implementation(platform(libs.androidx.compose.bom))
+    androidTestImplementation(platform(libs.androidx.compose.bom))
+
+    implementation(libs.androidx.activity.compose)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.compose.ui)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.compose.foundation)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.compose.material3)
+    implementation(libs.androidx.compose.ui.tooling.preview)
+    implementation(libs.lifecycle.runtime.compose)
+    implementation(libs.coil.compose)
+
+    debugImplementation(libs.androidx.compose.ui.tooling)

    // Data and Storage Libraries
    implementation(libs.mmkv.static)
@@ -166,25 +166,23 @@ dependencies {
    implementation(libs.kotlinx.coroutines.android)
    implementation(libs.kotlinx.coroutines.core)

-    // Language and Processing Libraries
-    implementation(libs.language.base)
-    implementation(libs.language.json)
-
-    // Intent and Utility Libraries
-    implementation(libs.quickie.foss)
-    implementation(libs.core)
+    // QR Code: CameraX + ZXing
+    implementation(libs.camerax.core)
+    implementation(libs.camerax.camera2)
+    implementation(libs.camerax.lifecycle)
+    implementation(libs.camerax.compose)
+    implementation(libs.core) // zxing core

    // AndroidX Lifecycle and Architecture Components
    implementation(libs.lifecycle.viewmodel.ktx)
-    implementation(libs.lifecycle.livedata.ktx)
    implementation(libs.lifecycle.runtime.ktx)

    // Background Task Libraries
    implementation(libs.work.runtime.ktx)
    implementation(libs.work.multiprocess)

-    // Multidex Support
-    implementation(libs.multidex)
+    // Reorderable list
+    implementation(libs.reorderable)

    // Testing Libraries
    testImplementation(libs.junit)
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
        <intent
            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
-            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScSwitchActivity"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.shortcut.ScSwitchActivity"
            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
    </shortcut>
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
        <intent
            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
-            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScScannerActivity"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.shortcut.ScScannerActivity"
            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
    </shortcut>
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
        <intent
            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
-            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScStartActivity"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.shortcut.ScStartActivity"
            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
    </shortcut>
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
        <!--suppress AndroidDomInspection -->
        <intent
            android:action="android.intent.action.VIEW"
-            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScStopActivity"
+            android:targetClass="com.v2ray.ang.ui.shortcut.ScStopActivity"
            android:targetPackage="com.v2ray.ang.fdroid" />
        <categories android:name="android.shortcut.conversation" />
    </shortcut>
@@ -29,16 +29,16 @@
        tools:ignore="PackageVisibilityPolicy,QueryAllPackagesPermission" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.CAMERA" />
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE" />
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE"
+        tools:ignore="ForegroundServicesPolicy" />
    <uses-permission
        android:name="android.permission.FOREGROUND_SERVICE_SPECIAL_USE"
        android:minSdkVersion="34" />
    <!-- <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" /> -->
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS" />
-    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RECEIVE_BOOT_COMPLETED" />

    <application
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
        android:usesCleartextTraffic="true">

        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.MainActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.main.MainActivity"
            android:exported="true"
            android:launchMode="singleTask">
            <intent-filter>
@@ -71,68 +71,102 @@
                android:resource="@xml/shortcuts" />
        </activity>
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ServerActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerVmessActivity"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ServerCustomConfigActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerVlessActivity"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ServerGroupActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerShadowsocksActivity"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged" />
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.SettingsActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerSocksActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerHttpActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerTrojanActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerWireguardActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerHysteria2Activity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerCustomConfigActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerGroupActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.server.ServerProxyChainActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize" />
+        <activity
+            android:name=".ui.settings.SettingsActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.PerAppProxyActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.perappproxy.PerAppProxyActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.AppPickerActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.apppicker.AppPickerActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
            android:name=".ui.ScannerActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.LogcatActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.logcat.LogcatActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.RoutingSettingActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.routing.RoutingSettingActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.RoutingEditActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.routing.RoutingEditActivity"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.SubSettingActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.subscription.SubSettingActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.UserAssetActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.userasset.UserAssetActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.UserAssetUrlActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.userasset.UserAssetUrlActivity"
            android:exported="false" />

        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.SubEditActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.subscription.SubEditActivity"
+            android:windowSoftInputMode="stateUnchanged|adjustResize"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ScScannerActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.ScScannerActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ScSwitchActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.ScSwitchActivity"
            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
            android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar.Translucent" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ScStartActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.ScStartActivity"
            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
            android:theme="@style/AppThemeDayNight.NoActionBar.Translucent" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.ScStopActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.ScStopActivity"
            android:excludeFromRecents="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon"
@@ -158,17 +192,17 @@
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.CheckUpdateActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.checkupdate.CheckUpdateActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.BackupActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.backup.BackupActivity"
            android:exported="false" />
        <activity
            android:name=".ui.AboutActivity"
            android:exported="false" />

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayVpnService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreVpnService"
            android:enabled="true"
            android:exported="false"
            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
@@ -188,7 +222,7 @@
        </service>

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayProxyOnlyService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreProxyOnlyService"
            android:exported="false"
            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
            android:label="@string/app_name"
@@ -199,9 +233,35 @@
        </service>

        <service
-            android:name=".service.V2RayTestService"
+            android:name=".service.CoreRootService"
            android:exported="false"
-            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon" />
+            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
+            android:label="@string/app_name"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
+            <property
+                android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
+                android:value="proxy" />
+        </service>
+
+        <service
+            android:name=".service.CoreTestService"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
+            <property
+                android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
+                android:value="test" />
+        </service>
+
+        <service
+            android:name=".service.SubscriptionUpdateService"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:foregroundServiceType="specialUse"
+            android:process=":RunSoLibV2RayDaemon">
+            <property
+                android:name="android.app.PROPERTY_SPECIAL_USE_FGS_SUBTYPE"
+                android:value="test" />
+        </service>

        <receiver
            android:name=".receiver.WidgetProvider"
@@ -222,6 +282,8 @@
            android:label="BootReceiver">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED" />
+                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MY_PACKAGE_REPLACED" />
            </intent-filter>
        </receiver>

@@ -242,7 +304,7 @@
        </service>
        <!-- =====================Tasker===================== -->
        <activity
-            android:name=".ui.TaskerActivity"
+            android:name=".ui.shortcut.TaskerActivity"
            android:exported="true"
            android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher">
            <intent-filter>
@@ -273,6 +335,11 @@

        </provider>

+        <service
+            android:name="androidx.work.multiprocess.RemoteWorkManagerService"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:process=":bg" />
+
        <provider
            android:name="androidx.core.content.FileProvider"
            android:authorities="${applicationId}.cache"
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@
      "enabled": true,
      "destOverride": [
        "http",
-        "tls"
+        "tls",
+		"quic"
      ]
    }
  }
@@ -73,8 +74,10 @@
  },
  {
    "protocol": "freedom",
-    "settings": {
-      "domainStrategy": "UseIP"
+    "streamSettings": {
+      "sockopt": {
+        "domainStrategy": "UseIP"
+      }
    },
    "tag": "direct"
  },
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@
      "enabled": true,
      "destOverride": [
        "http",
-        "tls"
+        "tls",
+		"quic"
      ]
    }
  },
@@ -46,7 +47,8 @@
      "enabled": true,
      "destOverride": [
        "http",
-        "tls"
+        "tls",
+		"quic"
      ]
    }
  }
@@ -89,8 +91,10 @@
  },
  {
    "protocol": "freedom",
-    "settings": {
-      "domainStrategy": "UseIP"
+    "streamSettings": {
+      "sockopt": {
+        "domainStrategy": "UseIP"
+      }
    },
    "tag": "direct"
  },
@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang

+import android.app.Application
 import android.content.Context
-import androidx.multidex.MultiDexApplication
 import androidx.work.Configuration
 import androidx.work.WorkManager
 import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKV
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.compose.ThemeManager

-class AngApplication : MultiDexApplication() {
+class AngApplication : Application() {
    companion object {
        lateinit var application: AngApplication
    }
@@ -39,10 +40,8 @@ class AngApplication : MultiDexApplication() {

        // Ensure critical preference defaults are present in MMKV early
        SettingsManager.initApp(this)
-        SettingsManager.setNightMode()

-        es.dmoral.toasty.Toasty.Config.getInstance()
-            .setGravity(android.view.Gravity.BOTTOM, 0, 300)
-            .apply()
+        // Initialize theme state from MMKV
+        ThemeManager.refresh()
    }
 }
@@ -43,13 +43,16 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_PACKETS = "pref_fragment_packets"
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH = "pref_fragment_length"
    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL = "pref_fragment_interval"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_AUTO_UPDATE = "pref_auto_update_subscription"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_AUTO_UPDATE_INTERVAL = "pref_auto_update_interval"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_DEFAULT_UPDATE_INTERVAL = "1440" // Default is 24 hours
+    const val PREF_FRAGMENT_MAXSPLIT = "pref_fragment_maxsplit"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_PING_INTERVAL = "pref_observatory_least_ping_interval"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_INTERVAL = "pref_observatory_least_load_interval"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_METHOD = "pref_observatory_least_load_method"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_SAMPLING = "pref_observatory_least_load_sampling"
+    const val PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_TIMEOUT = "pref_observatory_least_load_timeout"
    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_TASK_NAME = "subscription_updater"
+    const val SUBSCRIPTION_MIN_INTERVAL_MINUTES = 15L
    const val PREF_SPEED_ENABLED = "pref_speed_enabled"
    const val PREF_CONFIRM_REMOVE = "pref_confirm_remove"
-    const val PREF_START_SCAN_IMMEDIATE = "pref_start_scan_immediate"
    const val PREF_DOUBLE_COLUMN_DISPLAY = "pref_double_column_display"
    const val PREF_GROUP_ALL_DISPLAY = "pref_group_all_display"
    const val PREF_LANGUAGE = "pref_language"
@@ -57,11 +60,12 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val PREF_IPV6_ENABLED = "pref_ipv6_enabled"
    const val PREF_PREFER_IPV6 = "pref_prefer_ipv6"
    const val PREF_PROXY_SHARING = "pref_proxy_sharing_enabled"
-    const val PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE = "pref_allow_insecure"
+    const val PREF_ENABLE_LOCAL_PROXY = "pref_enable_local_proxy"
    const val PREF_SOCKS_PORT = "pref_socks_port"
    const val PREF_DYNAMIC_SOCKS_PORT = "pref_dynamic_socks_port"
    const val PREF_SOCKS_USERNAME = "pref_socks_username"
    const val PREF_SOCKS_PASSWORD = "pref_socks_password"
+    const val PREF_SOCKS_ENABLE_UDP = "pref_socks_enable_udp"
    const val PREF_REMOTE_DNS = "pref_remote_dns"
    const val PREF_DOMESTIC_DNS = "pref_domestic_dns"
    const val PREF_DNS_HOSTS = "pref_dns_hosts"
@@ -70,14 +74,19 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val PREF_LOGLEVEL = "pref_core_loglevel"
    const val PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD = "pref_outbound_domain_resolve_method"
    const val PREF_MODE = "pref_mode"
+    const val PREF_ROOT_MODE_ENABLE = "pref_root_mode_enabled"
+    const val PREF_ROOT_LAN_SHARING = "pref_root_lan_sharing"
    const val PREF_IS_BOOTED = "pref_is_booted"
    const val PREF_CHECK_UPDATE_PRE_RELEASE = "pref_check_update_pre_release"
    const val PREF_GEO_FILES_SOURCES = "pref_geo_files_sources"
    const val PREF_USE_HEV_TUNNEL = "pref_use_hev_tunnel_v2"
    const val PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_LOGLEVEL = "pref_hev_tunnel_loglevel"
    const val PREF_HEV_TUNNEL_RW_TIMEOUT = "pref_hev_tunnel_rw_timeout_v2"
+    const val PREF_UPDATE_SUBSCRIPTION = "pref_update_subscription"
+    const val PREF_AUTO_TEST_AFTER_UPDATE_SUBSCRIPTION = "pref_auto_test_after_update_subscription"
    const val PREF_AUTO_REMOVE_INVALID_AFTER_TEST = "pref_auto_remove_invalid_after_test"
    const val PREF_AUTO_SORT_AFTER_TEST = "pref_auto_sort_after_test"
+    const val PREF_REAL_PING_CONCURRENCY = "pref_real_ping_concurrency"

    /** Cache keys. */
    const val CACHE_SUBSCRIPTION_ID = "cache_subscription_id"
@@ -104,7 +113,8 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val TAG_FRAGMENT = "fragment"
    const val TAG_DNS = "dns-module"
    const val TAG_DOMESTIC_DNS = "domestic-dns"
-    const val TAG_BALANCER = "proxy-round"
+    const val TAG_BALANCER = "balancer-main"
+    const val TAG_BALANCER_PRE = "balancer"

    /** Network-related constants. */
    const val UPLINK = "uplink"
@@ -124,12 +134,17 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val TG_CHANNEL_URL = "https://t.me/github_2dust"
    const val DELAY_TEST_URL = "https://www.gstatic.com/generate_204"
    const val DELAY_TEST_URL2 = "https://www.google.com/generate_204"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_PING_INTERVAL = "3m"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_INTERVAL = "5m"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_METHOD = "HEAD"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_SAMPLING = "2"
+    const val OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_TIMEOUT = "30s"

    //    const val IP_API_URL = "https://speed.cloudflare.com/meta"
    const val IP_API_URL = "https://api.ip.sb/geoip"

    /** DNS server addresses. */
-    const val DNS_PROXY = "1.1.1.1"
+    const val DNS_PROXY = "https://cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query"
    const val DNS_DIRECT = "223.5.5.5"
    const val DNS_VPN = "1.1.1.1"
    const val GEOSITE_PRIVATE = "geosite:private"
@@ -164,23 +179,27 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val MSG_STATE_RESTART = 5
    const val MSG_MEASURE_DELAY = 6
    const val MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS = 61
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG = 7
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS = 71
-    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL = 72
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_START = 7
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL = 71
+    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS = 72
    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_NOTIFY = 73
    const val MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_FINISH = 74

+    const val MSG_SUB_UPDATE_START = 8
+    const val MSG_SUB_UPDATE_CANCEL = 81
+
    /** Notification channel IDs and names. */
-    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_ID = "RAY_NG_M_CH_ID"
-    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_NAME = "v2rayNG Background Service"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL = "subscription_update_channel"
-    const val SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL_NAME = "Subscription Update Service"
+    // Use a new ID because Android does not let an app raise an existing channel's importance.
+    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_ID = "CORE_M_CH_ID_V2"
+    const val RAY_NG_CHANNEL_NAME = "Core Background Service"

    /** Protocols Scheme **/
    const val VMESS = "vmess://"
    const val CUSTOM = ""
    const val SHADOWSOCKS = "ss://"
    const val SOCKS = "socks://"
+    const val SOCKS4 = "socks4://"
+    const val SOCKS5 = "socks5://"
    const val HTTP = "http://"
    const val VLESS = "vless://"
    const val TROJAN = "trojan://"
@@ -189,11 +208,34 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val HYSTERIA = "hysteria://"
    const val HYSTERIA2 = "hysteria2://"
    const val HY2 = "hy2://"
+    const val V2RAYNFMTS = "v2rayn://"

    /** Give a good name to this, IDK*/
    const val VPN = "VPN"
    const val VPN_MTU = 1500

+    /** Root (system-wide) mode runtime constants. */
+    const val ROOT_RUNTIME_DIR = "sys_cache"
+    const val ROOT_IPTABLES_CHAIN = "CORE_FILTER"
+    const val ROOT_FWMARK = 255            // defensive RETURN tag; hev's only upstream socket is loopback (already bypassed)
+    const val ROOT_MARK_ROUTE = 1          // packets we want pushed into the tun device
+    const val ROOT_ROUTE_TABLE = 2024
+    const val ROOT_RULE_PRIORITY = 1000
+    const val ROOT_TUN_NAME = "utun7788"
+    const val ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V4 = "198.18.0.1/15"
+    const val ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V6 = "fdfe:dcba:9876::1/64"
+
+    // hev-socks5-tunnel run as a standalone root binary (reuses the same project already
+    // bundled for the VPN hev path; distinct filename from the JNI lib to avoid collision).
+    const val ROOT_TUN2SOCKS_BIN = "libhevsockstun.so"
+    const val ROOT_FWD_CHAIN = "CORE_FWD"   // FORWARD chain for LAN/tethering sharing
+    const val ROOT_DNS_CHAIN = "CORE_DNS"   // nat chain for tethered-client DNS DNAT
+    const val ROOT_V6_CHAIN = "CORE6_FILTER"       // ip6tables filter/OUTPUT chain: blackhole native IPv6 when it isn't tunneled
+    const val ROOT_V6_FWD_CHAIN = "CORE6_FWD" // ip6tables FORWARD chain: route or reject tethered clients' native IPv6
+    const val ROOT_V6_PRE_CHAIN = "CORE6_PRE" // ip6tables mangle/PREROUTING chain: mark forwarded clients' IPv6 into the tun
+    const val ROOT_LAN_DNS = "1.1.1.1"          // fallback resolver for tethered clients when no plain-IPv4 DNS is configured
+    const val ROOT_OOM_SCORE = "-1000"          // oom_score_adj that makes the LMK never kill us
+
    /** hev-sock5-tunnel read-write-timeout value */
    const val HEVTUN_RW_TIMEOUT = "300,60"

@@ -202,13 +244,19 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val GOOGLEAPIS_COM_DOMAIN = "googleapis.com"

    // Android Private DNS constants
-    const val DNS_DNSPOD_DOMAIN = "dot.pub"
    const val DNS_ALIDNS_DOMAIN = "dns.alidns.com"
+    const val DNS_CISCO_SSE_DOMAIN = "dns.sse.cisco.com"
+    const val DNS_CISCO_UMBRELLA_DOMAIN = "dns.umbrella.com"
    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONE_DOMAIN = "one.one.one.one"
+    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONEDOT_DNS_DOMAIN = "1dot1dot1dot1.cloudflare-dns.com"
    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_DOMAIN = "dns.cloudflare.com"
    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_DOMAIN = "cloudflare-dns.com"
+    const val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_WARP_DOMAIN = "engage.cloudflareclient.com"
+    const val DNS_DNSPOD_DOH_DOMAIN = "doh.pub"
+    const val DNS_DNSPOD_DOT_DOMAIN = "dot.pub"
    const val DNS_GOOGLE_DOMAIN = "dns.google"
    const val DNS_QUAD9_DOMAIN = "dns.quad9.net"
+    const val DNS_SB_DOMAIN = "dns.sb"
    const val DNS_YANDEX_DOMAIN = "common.dot.dns.yandex.net"

    const val DEFAULT_PORT = 443
@@ -222,12 +270,18 @@ object AppConfig {
    const val UNIDENTIFIED_PACKAGE = "__unknown_app__"

    val DNS_ALIDNS_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("223.5.5.5", "223.6.6.6", "2400:3200::1", "2400:3200:baba::1")
+    val DNS_CISCO_SSE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("208.67.220.220", "208.67.222.222", "2620:119:35::35", "2620:119:53::53")
+    val DNS_CISCO_UMBRELLA_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("208.67.220.220", "208.67.222.222", "2620:119:35::35", "2620:119:53::53")
    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.1.1.1", "1.0.0.1", "2606:4700:4700::1111", "2606:4700:4700::1001")
-    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("104.16.132.229", "104.16.133.229", "2606:4700::6810:84e5", "2606:4700::6810:85e5")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_ONEDOT_DNS_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.1.1.1", "1.0.0.1", "2606:4700:4700::1111", "2606:4700:4700::1001")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_COM_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("162.159.61.8", "172.64.41.8", "2a06:98c1:52::8", "2803:f800:53::8")
    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_DNS_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("104.16.248.249", "104.16.249.249", "2606:4700::6810:f8f9", "2606:4700::6810:f9f9")
-    val DNS_DNSPOD_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.12.12.12", "120.53.53.53")
+    val DNS_CLOUDFLARE_WARP_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("162.159.192.1", "2606:4700:d0::a29f:c001")
+    val DNS_DNSPOD_DOH_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.12.12.12", "120.53.53.53")
+    val DNS_DNSPOD_DOT_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("1.12.12.12", "120.53.53.53")
    val DNS_GOOGLE_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("8.8.8.8", "8.8.4.4", "2001:4860:4860::8888", "2001:4860:4860::8844")
    val DNS_QUAD9_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("9.9.9.9", "149.112.112.112", "2620:fe::fe", "2620:fe::9")
+    val DNS_SB_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("45.11.45.11", "185.222.222.222", "2a09::", "2a11::")
    val DNS_YANDEX_ADDRESSES = arrayListOf("77.88.8.8", "77.88.8.1", "2a02:6b8::feed:0ff", "2a02:6b8:0:1::feed:0ff")

    //minimum list https://serverfault.com/a/304791
@@ -286,4 +340,6 @@ object AppConfig {
        TAG_DIRECT,
        TAG_BLOCKED,
    )
+
+    val OBSERVATORY_DURATION_PATTERN = Regex("""[1-9]\d*(ms|s|m|h)""")
 }
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
-
-/**
- * A common Adapter -> host callback interface that includes common actions: edit, remove and refresh.
- * Extend this interface or define more specific interfaces for different adapters as needed.
- */
-interface BaseAdapterListener {
-    /**
-     * Request the host to edit the specified item.
-     * @param guid Unique identifier (GUID) of the item
-     * @param position Current position in the adapter (optional; host should validate it)
-     */
-    fun onEdit(guid: String, position: Int)
-
-    /**
-     * Request the host to remove the specified item. Position is provided for optional animation or validation.
-     * @param guid Unique identifier (GUID) of the item
-     * @param position Current position in the adapter (optional; host should validate it)
-     */
-    fun onRemove(guid: String, position: Int)
-
-    /**
-     * Request the host to share the specified URL.
-     * @param url The URL to be shared
-     */
-    fun onShare(url: String)
-
-    /**
-     * Request the host to refresh data (for example, reload from the ViewModel or call notifyDataSetChanged).
-     */
-    fun onRefreshData()
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
+
+import android.content.Context
+
+interface IDialerService {
+    fun start(context: Context, dialerAddr: String)
+    fun stop()
+}
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.contracts
-
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-
-interface MainAdapterListener : BaseAdapterListener {
-
-    fun onEdit(guid: String, position: Int, profile: ProfileItem)
-
-    fun onSelectServer(guid: String)
-
-    fun onShare(guid: String, profile: ProfileItem, position: Int, more: Boolean)
-
-}
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.contracts

 import android.app.Service
+import android.net.Network

 interface ServiceControl {
    /**
@@ -25,4 +26,13 @@ interface ServiceControl {
     * @return True if the socket is protected, false otherwise.
     */
    fun vpnProtect(socket: Int): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * Declares the networks the tunnel runs on top of.
+     * Only meaningful for the VPN service, the other run modes have no interface to report.
+     *
+     * @param networks The upstream networks, null to let the system pick.
+     * @return True if the networks were accepted.
+     */
+    fun setUnderlyingNetworks(networks: Array<Network>?): Boolean = false
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CoreConfigContext
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.BalancerStrategyType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.CoreResolvedType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isComplexType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+/**
+ * Build runtime context from the selected profile.
+ *
+ * All outbound type analysis is completed here for both the selected profile
+ * and routing targets. Custom profiles are returned immediately without
+ * entering the normal analysis flow.
+ */
+object CoreConfigContextBuilder {
+
+    /**
+     * Load one profile and produce a fully analyzed context.
+     *
+     * Null is returned only when the selected profile cannot be loaded.
+     */
+    fun build(context: Context, guid: String): CoreConfigContext? {
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return null
+
+        // CUSTOM: return immediately — CoreConfigManager handles this path on its own.
+        if (config.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
+            return CoreConfigContext(context = context, guid = guid, isCustom = true)
+        }
+
+        // Step 1: Resolve the main outbound (always tag = TAG_PROXY).
+        val primaryResolvedOutbound = resolveOutbound(AppConfig.TAG_PROXY, config) ?: run {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve main outbound for '${config.remarks}'")
+            return null
+        }
+
+        // Step 2: Resolve all non-builtin routing outbound tags.
+        val routingResolvedOutbounds = resolveRoutingOutbounds()
+        val resolvedOutbounds = listOf(primaryResolvedOutbound) + routingResolvedOutbounds
+        val fallbackResolvedOutbounds = resolveFallbackOutbounds(resolvedOutbounds)
+        val routingDomainRules = collectRoutingDomainRulesForDns()
+
+        return CoreConfigContext(
+            context = context,
+            guid = guid,
+            resolvedOutbounds = resolvedOutbounds + fallbackResolvedOutbounds,
+            routingDomainRules = routingDomainRules,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolve one outbound target into a normalized outbound entry.
+     *
+     * Custom profiles are ignored at this stage and produce no entry.
+     */
+    private fun resolveOutbound(tag: String, profile: ProfileItem): CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound? {
+        if (profile.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
+            return null
+        }
+
+        val (resolvedProfiles, resolvedType) = when (profile.configType) {
+            EConfigType.POLICYGROUP -> Pair(
+                resolvePolicyGroupProfiles(profile),
+                CoreResolvedType.POLICYGROUP,
+            )
+
+            EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN -> {
+                val chainProfiles = resolveProxyChainProfiles(profile)
+                val type = if (chainProfiles.size <= 1) CoreResolvedType.NORMAL else CoreResolvedType.PROXYCHAIN
+                Pair(chainProfiles, type)
+            }
+
+            else -> {
+                val chainProfiles = resolveProxyChainProfilesFromGroup(profile)
+                val type = if (chainProfiles.size <= 1) CoreResolvedType.NORMAL else CoreResolvedType.PROXYCHAIN
+                Pair(chainProfiles, type)
+            }
+        }
+
+        return CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound(
+            tag = tag,
+            profile = profile,
+            resolvedProfiles = resolvedProfiles,
+            resolvedType = resolvedType,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collect and resolve non-builtin routing targets from enabled rules.
+     *
+     * Invalid or empty targets are skipped and handled by fallback logic later.
+     */
+    private fun resolveRoutingOutbounds(): List<CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound> {
+        val rulesetItems = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets() ?: return emptyList()
+        val resolvedOutbounds = mutableListOf<CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound>()
+        val processedTags = mutableSetOf<String>()
+
+        try {
+            rulesetItems
+                .filter { it.enabled }
+                .mapNotNull { it.outboundTag.takeIf { tag -> tag.isNotBlank() } }
+                .filter { tag -> tag !in AppConfig.BUILTIN_OUTBOUND_TAGS }
+                .distinct()
+                .forEach { tag ->
+                    if (tag in processedTags) {
+                        return@forEach
+                    }
+                    processedTags.add(tag)
+
+                    try {
+                        val profile = SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(tag) ?: run {
+                            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Routing tag '$tag' has no matching profile — will fall back to proxy at routing time")
+                            return@forEach
+                        }
+                        val resolvedOutbound = resolveOutbound(tag, profile) ?: run {
+                            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Cannot use CUSTOM profile as routing outbound for tag '$tag', skipping")
+                            return@forEach
+                        }
+                        if (resolvedOutbound.resolvedProfiles.isEmpty()) {
+                            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Routing outbound '$tag' resolved to empty list, skipping")
+                            return@forEach
+                        }
+                        resolvedOutbounds.add(resolvedOutbound)
+                        LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "Resolved routing outbound: tag='$tag', type='${resolvedOutbound.resolvedType}', profiles=${resolvedOutbound.resolvedProfiles.size}")
+                    } catch (e: Exception) {
+                        LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve routing outbound for tag '$tag', skipping", e)
+                    }
+                }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve routing outbounds from rulesets", e)
+        }
+
+        return resolvedOutbounds
+    }
+
+    private fun resolvePolicyGroupProfiles(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        try {
+            val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeAllServerList()
+            return serverList
+                .asSequence()
+                .mapNotNull { id -> MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(id) }
+                .filter { profile ->
+                    val subscriptionId = config.policyGroupSubscriptionId
+                    if (subscriptionId.isNullOrBlank()) {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        profile.subscriptionId == subscriptionId
+                    }
+                }
+                .filter { profile ->
+                    val filter = config.policyGroupFilter
+                    if (filter.isNullOrBlank()) {
+                        true
+                    } else {
+                        try {
+                            Regex(filter).containsMatchIn(profile.remarks)
+                        } catch (_: Exception) {
+                            profile.remarks.contains(filter)
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                .filter { it.server.isNotNullEmpty() }
+                .filter { Utils.isPureIpAddress(it.server!!) || Utils.isValidUrl(it.server!!) }
+                .filter { !it.configType.isComplexType() }
+                .toList()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve policy group profiles for '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun resolveProxyChainProfiles(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        if (config.proxyChainProfiles.isNullOrBlank()) {
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            return config.proxyChainProfiles.orEmpty().split(",")
+                .asSequence()
+                .mapNotNull { remark -> SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(remark) }
+                .filter { it.server.isNotNullEmpty() }
+                .filter { Utils.isPureIpAddress(it.server!!) || Utils.isValidUrl(it.server!!) }
+                .filter { !it.configType.isComplexType() }
+                .toList()
+                .reversed()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve proxy chain profiles for '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolve chain nodes from subscription neighbors in order: next, current, prev.
+     *
+     * When no chain is available, return a single-node result.
+     */
+    private fun resolveProxyChainProfilesFromGroup(config: ProfileItem): List<ProfileItem> {
+        if (config.subscriptionId.isEmpty()) {
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(config.subscriptionId) ?: return listOf(config)
+            val resolved = mutableListOf<ProfileItem>()
+            SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(subItem.nextProfile)?.let { resolved.add(it) }
+            resolved.add(config)
+            SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(subItem.prevProfile)?.let { resolved.add(it) }
+            return resolved
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to resolve proxy chain from group for '${config.remarks}'", e)
+            return listOf(config)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Collect enabled routing domain rules in original order for DNS segmentation.
+     *
+     * outbounds are normalized into three tags only: proxy / direct / block.
+     */
+    private fun collectRoutingDomainRulesForDns(): List<CoreConfigContext.RoutingDomainRule> {
+        val rulesetItems = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets() ?: return emptyList()
+        val result = mutableListOf<CoreConfigContext.RoutingDomainRule>()
+
+        rulesetItems
+            .asSequence()
+            .filter { it.enabled }
+            .filter { !it.domain.isNullOrEmpty() }
+            .forEach { rule ->
+                val normalizedOutboundTag = when (rule.outboundTag) {
+                    AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT -> AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
+                    AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED -> AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED
+                    else -> AppConfig.TAG_PROXY
+                }
+                result.add(
+                    CoreConfigContext.RoutingDomainRule(
+                        domain = rule.domain.orEmpty(),
+                        outboundTag = normalizedOutboundTag
+                    )
+                )
+            }
+
+        return result
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Resolve and collect fallback outbounds from all POLICYGROUP nodes.
+     *
+     * Fallback targets must not overlap with already resolved tags or builtin tags.
+     */
+    private fun resolveFallbackOutbounds(resolvedOutbounds: List<CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound>): List<CoreConfigContext.ResolvedOutbound> {
+        return resolvedOutbounds
+            .asSequence()
+            .filter { it.resolvedType == CoreResolvedType.POLICYGROUP }
+            .filter { BalancerStrategyType.from(it.profile.policyGroupType).supportsObservatory && it.profile.policyGroupTestOutbounds != false }
+            .mapNotNull { it.profile.policyGroupFallbackTag }
+            .filter { it !in AppConfig.BUILTIN_OUTBOUND_TAGS && resolvedOutbounds.none { outbound -> outbound.tag == it } }
+            .distinct()
+            .mapNotNull { tag ->
+                SettingsManager.getServerViaRemarks(tag)
+                    ?.takeUnless { it.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM || it.configType == EConfigType.POLICYGROUP }
+                    ?.let { resolveOutbound(tag, it) }
+            }
+            .toList()
+    }
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+package com.v2ray.ang.core

 import android.content.Context
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
 * Thread-safe singleton wrapper for Libv2ray native methods.
 * Provides initialization protection and unified API for V2Ray core operations.
 */
-object V2RayNativeManager {
+object CoreNativeManager {
    private val initialized = AtomicBoolean(false)

    /**
@@ -43,6 +43,15 @@ object V2RayNativeManager {
        }
    }

+    fun reconcileBrowserDialer(dialerAddr: String) {
+        try {
+            Libv2ray.reconcileBrowserDialer(dialerAddr)
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "Browser dialer reconciled successfully with address: $dialerAddr")
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to reconcile browser dialer with address: $dialerAddr", e)
+        }
+    }
+

    /**
     * Get V2Ray core version.
@@ -88,4 +97,4 @@ object V2RayNativeManager {
            throw e
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,692 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import com.google.gson.JsonArray
+import com.google.gson.JsonObject
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+/**
+ * Centralizes ProfileItem -> OutboundBean conversion.
+ * Most protocol builders mirror the previous *Fmt.toOutbound behavior.
+ */
+object CoreOutboundBuilder {
+
+    /** Dispatches a profile to protocol-specific outbound builder. */
+    fun convert(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outbound = when (profileItem.configType) {
+            EConfigType.VMESS -> toOutboundVmess(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS -> toOutboundShadowsocks(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.SOCKS -> toOutboundSocks(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.VLESS -> toOutboundVless(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.TROJAN -> toOutboundTrojan(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.WIREGUARD -> toOutboundWireguard(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 -> toOutboundHysteria2(profileItem)
+            EConfigType.HTTP -> toOutboundHttp(profileItem)
+            else -> null
+        }
+
+        outbound ?: return null
+        val ret = updateOutboundWithGlobalSettings(outbound)
+        if (!ret) return null
+        return outbound
+    }
+
+    /** Applies global outbound options (mux, protocol-specific tweaks, etc.). */
+    private fun updateOutboundWithGlobalSettings(outbound: OutboundBean): Boolean {
+        try {
+            var muxEnabled = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_ENABLED, false)
+            val protocol = outbound.protocol
+            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
+                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
+            ) {
+                muxEnabled = false
+            } else if (outbound.streamSettings?.network == NetworkType.XHTTP.type) {
+                muxEnabled = false
+            }
+
+            if (muxEnabled) {
+                outbound.mux?.enabled = true
+                outbound.mux?.concurrency = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_CONCURRENCY, "8").orEmpty().toInt()
+                outbound.mux?.xudpConcurrency = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_CONCURRENCY, "16").orEmpty().toInt()
+                outbound.mux?.xudpProxyUDP443 = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_QUIC, "reject")
+                if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true) && outbound.settings?.flow?.isNotEmpty() == true) {
+                    outbound.mux?.concurrency = -1
+                }
+            } else {
+                outbound.mux?.enabled = false
+                outbound.mux?.concurrency = -1
+            }
+
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update outbound with global settings", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /** Creates an initial outbound template for a protocol type. */
+    fun createInitOutbound(configType: EConfigType): OutboundBean? {
+        return when (configType) {
+            EConfigType.VMESS,
+            EConfigType.VLESS,
+            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS,
+            EConfigType.SOCKS,
+            EConfigType.HTTP,
+            EConfigType.TROJAN -> OutboundBean(
+                protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
+                settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(),
+                streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+            )
+
+            EConfigType.WIREGUARD -> OutboundBean(
+                protocol = configType.name.lowercase(),
+                settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(
+                    secretKey = "",
+                    peers = listOf(OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.WireGuardBean())
+                )
+            )
+
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA,
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 -> OutboundBean(
+                protocol = EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name.lowercase(),
+                settings = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean(),
+                streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+            )
+
+            else -> null
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── Per-protocol builders — implementations are identical to each *Fmt.toOutbound ──
+
+    private fun toOutboundVmess(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VMESS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            settings.security = profileItem.method
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundVless(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VLESS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            settings.encryption = profileItem.method
+            settings.flow = profileItem.flow
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundShadowsocks(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.password = profileItem.password
+            settings.method = profileItem.method
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundTrojan(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.TROJAN)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.password = profileItem.password
+            settings.flow = profileItem.flow
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundSocks(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SOCKS)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                settings.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
+                settings.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            }
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundHttp(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HTTP)
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { settings ->
+            settings.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            settings.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            settings.level = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
+            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                settings.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
+                settings.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
+            }
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundWireguard(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.WIREGUARD)
+
+        val rawAddresses = profileItem.localAddress
+            ?.split(",")
+            ?.map { it.trim() }
+            ?.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+            ?.ifEmpty { null }
+            ?: listOf(AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4)
+
+        val addresses = if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_IPV6_ENABLED) == true) {
+            rawAddresses
+        } else {
+            val ipv4Addresses = rawAddresses.filter { !it.contains(":") }
+            ipv4Addresses.ifEmpty { listOf(AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4) }
+        }
+
+        outboundBean?.settings?.let { wireguard ->
+            wireguard.secretKey = profileItem.secretKey
+            wireguard.address = addresses
+            wireguard.peers?.firstOrNull()?.let { peer ->
+                peer.publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.orEmpty()
+                peer.preSharedKey = profileItem.preSharedKey?.nullIfBlank()
+                peer.endpoint = Utils.getIpv6Address(profileItem.server) + ":${profileItem.serverPort}"
+            }
+            wireguard.mtu = profileItem.mtu
+            wireguard.reserved = profileItem.reserved?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }?.split(",")?.filter { it.isNotBlank() }?.map { it.trim().toInt() }
+        }
+
+        if (!profileItem.finalMask.isNullOrBlank()) {
+            outboundBean?.streamSettings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean()
+            outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
+                updateOutboundFinalMask(it, profileItem)
+                it.network = null
+            }
+        }
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun toOutboundHysteria2(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
+        val outboundBean = createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) ?: return null
+        profileItem.network = NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type
+        profileItem.alpn = "h3"
+
+        outboundBean.settings?.let { server ->
+            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
+            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
+            server.version = 2
+        }
+
+        val sni = outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
+        }
+
+        outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
+            populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
+        }
+
+        return outboundBean
+    }
+
+    private fun createTcpHttpRequest(
+        host: String?,
+        path: String?
+    ): OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean.HeaderBean.RequestBean {
+        val requestString =
+            """{"version":"1.1","method":"GET","headers":{"User-Agent":["Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 10; K) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/126.0.6478.122 Mobile Safari/537.36"],"Accept-Encoding":["gzip, deflate"],"Connection":["keep-alive"],"Pragma":"no-cache"}}"""
+        val request = JsonUtil.fromJson(
+            requestString,
+            OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean.HeaderBean.RequestBean::class.java
+        ) ?: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean.HeaderBean.RequestBean()
+
+        val parsedHost = host.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+        request.headers.Host = parsedHost.ifEmpty { null }
+        request.path = path.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }.ifEmpty { listOf("/") }
+        return request
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures transport settings for an outbound connection.
+     *
+     * Sets up protocol-specific transport options based on the profile settings.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The stream settings to configure
+     * @param profileItem The profile containing transport configuration
+     * @return The Server Name Indication (SNI) value to use, or null if not applicable
+     */
+    fun populateTransportSettings(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean, profileItem: ProfileItem): String? {
+        val transport = profileItem.network.orEmpty()
+        val headerType = profileItem.headerType
+        val host = profileItem.host
+        val path = profileItem.path
+        val seed = profileItem.seed
+//        val quicSecurity = profileItem.quicSecurity
+//        val key = profileItem.quicKey
+        val mode = profileItem.mode
+        val serviceName = profileItem.serviceName
+        val authority = profileItem.authority
+        val xhttpMode = profileItem.xhttpMode
+        val xhttpExtra = profileItem.xhttpExtra
+        val finalMask = profileItem.finalMask
+        var sni: String? = null
+        streamSettings.network = transport.ifEmpty { NetworkType.TCP.type }
+        when (streamSettings.network) {
+            NetworkType.TCP.type -> {
+                val tcpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TcpSettingsBean()
+                if (headerType == AppConfig.HEADER_TYPE_HTTP) {
+                    tcpSetting.header.type = AppConfig.HEADER_TYPE_HTTP
+                    val requestObj = createTcpHttpRequest(host, path)
+                    tcpSetting.header.request = requestObj
+                    sni = requestObj.headers.Host?.getOrNull(0)
+                } else {
+                    tcpSetting.header.type = "none"
+                    sni = host
+                }
+                streamSettings.tcpSettings = tcpSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.KCP.type -> {
+                val kcpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.KcpSettingsBean()
+                profileItem.kcpMtu?.let { kcpSetting.mtu = it }
+                profileItem.kcpTti?.let { kcpSetting.tti = it }
+                streamSettings.kcpSettings = kcpSetting
+                val udpMaskList =
+                    mutableListOf<OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean>()
+                if (!headerType.isNullOrEmpty() && headerType != "none") {
+                    val kcpHeaderType = when {
+                        headerType == "wechat-video" -> "wechat"
+                        else -> headerType
+                    }
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "mkcp-legacy",
+                            settings =
+                                OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                    header = kcpHeaderType,
+                                    value = if (headerType == "dns" && !host.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                                        host
+                                    } else {
+                                        null
+                                    }
+                                )
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                if (seed.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "mkcp-legacy"
+                        )
+                    )
+                } else {
+                    udpMaskList.add(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "mkcp-legacy",
+                            settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                value = seed
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                streamSettings.finalmask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean(
+                    udp = udpMaskList.toList()
+                )
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.WS.type -> {
+                val wssetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.WsSettingsBean()
+                wssetting.host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                wssetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.wsSettings = wssetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.HTTP_UPGRADE.type -> {
+                val httpupgradeSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HttpupgradeSettingsBean()
+                httpupgradeSetting.host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                httpupgradeSetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.httpupgradeSettings = httpupgradeSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.XHTTP.type -> {
+                val xhttpSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.XhttpSettingsBean()
+                xhttpSetting.host = host.orEmpty()
+                sni = host
+                xhttpSetting.path = path ?: "/"
+                xhttpSetting.mode = xhttpMode
+                xhttpSetting.extra = JsonUtil.parseString(xhttpExtra)
+                streamSettings.xhttpSettings = xhttpSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.H2.type, NetworkType.HTTP.type -> {
+                streamSettings.network = NetworkType.H2.type
+                val h2Setting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HttpSettingsBean()
+                h2Setting.host = host.orEmpty().split(",").map { it.trim() }.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+                sni = h2Setting.host.getOrNull(0)
+                h2Setting.path = path ?: "/"
+                streamSettings.httpSettings = h2Setting
+            }
+
+//                    "quic" -> {
+//                        val quicsetting = QuicSettingBean()
+//                        quicsetting.security = quicSecurity ?: "none"
+//                        quicsetting.key = key.orEmpty()
+//                        quicsetting.header.type = headerType ?: "none"
+//                        quicSettings = quicsetting
+//                    }
+
+            NetworkType.GRPC.type -> {
+                val grpcSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.GrpcSettingsBean()
+                grpcSetting.multiMode = mode == "multi"
+                grpcSetting.serviceName = serviceName.orEmpty()
+                grpcSetting.authority = authority.orEmpty()
+                grpcSetting.idle_timeout = 60
+                grpcSetting.health_check_timeout = 20
+                sni = authority
+                streamSettings.grpcSettings = grpcSetting
+            }
+
+            NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type -> {
+                val hysteriaSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.HysteriaSettingsBean(
+                    version = 2,
+                    auth = profileItem.password.orEmpty(),
+                )
+                val quicParams = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.QuicParamsBean(
+                    brutalUp = profileItem.bandwidthUp?.nullIfBlank(),
+                    brutalDown = profileItem.bandwidthDown?.nullIfBlank(),
+                )
+                quicParams.congestion = if (quicParams.brutalUp != null || quicParams.brutalDown != null) "brutal" else null
+                if (profileItem.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                    val rawInterval = profileItem.portHoppingInterval?.trim().nullIfBlank()
+                    val interval = if (rawInterval == null) {
+                        "30"
+                    } else {
+                        val singleValue = rawInterval.toIntOrNull()
+                        if (singleValue != null) {
+                            if (singleValue < 5) {
+                                "30"
+                            } else {
+                                rawInterval
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            val parts = rawInterval.split('-')
+                            if (parts.size == 2) {
+                                val start = parts[0].trim().toIntOrNull()
+                                val end = parts[1].trim().toIntOrNull()
+                                if (start != null && end != null) {
+                                    val minStart = maxOf(5, start)
+                                    val minEnd = maxOf(minStart, end)
+                                    "$minStart-$minEnd"
+                                } else {
+                                    "30"
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                "30"
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                    quicParams.udpHop = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.QuicParamsBean.UdpHopBean(
+                        ports = profileItem.portHopping,
+                        interval = interval
+                    )
+                }
+                val finalmask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean(
+                    quicParams = quicParams
+                )
+                if (profileItem.obfsPassword.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                    finalmask.udp = listOf(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                            type = "salamander",
+                            settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                                password = profileItem.obfsPassword.orEmpty()
+                            )
+                        )
+                    )
+                }
+                streamSettings.hysteriaSettings = hysteriaSetting
+                streamSettings.finalmask = finalmask
+            }
+        }
+        finalMask?.let {
+            val parsedFinalMask = JsonUtil.parseString(finalMask)
+            if (parsedFinalMask != null) {
+                streamSettings.finalmask = parsedFinalMask
+            } else {
+                LogUtil.w("V2rayConfigManager", "Invalid finalMask JSON, keeping previously generated finalmask")
+            }
+        }
+        return sni
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Configures TLS or REALITY security settings for an outbound connection.
+     *
+     * Sets up security-related parameters like certificates, fingerprints, and SNI.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The stream settings to configure
+     * @param profileItem The profile containing security configuration
+     * @param sniExt An external SNI value to use if the profile doesn't specify one
+     */
+    fun populateTlsSettings(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean, profileItem: ProfileItem, sniExt: String?) {
+        val streamSecurity = profileItem.security.orEmpty()
+        val allowInsecure = profileItem.insecure == true && profileItem.pinnedCA256.isNullOrEmpty()
+        val sni = if (profileItem.sni.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            when {
+                sniExt.isNotNullEmpty() && Utils.isDomainName(sniExt) -> sniExt
+                profileItem.server.isNotNullEmpty() && Utils.isDomainName(profileItem.server) -> profileItem.server
+                else -> sniExt
+            }
+        } else {
+            profileItem.sni
+        }
+
+        streamSettings.security = streamSecurity.nullIfBlank()
+        if (streamSettings.security == null) return
+        val tlsSetting = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.TlsSettingsBean(
+            allowInsecure = allowInsecure,
+            serverName = sni.nullIfBlank(),
+            fingerprint = profileItem.fingerPrint.nullIfBlank(),
+            alpn = profileItem.alpn?.split(",")?.map { it.trim() }?.filter { it.isNotEmpty() }.takeIf { !it.isNullOrEmpty() },
+            echConfigList = profileItem.echConfigList.nullIfBlank(),
+            verifyPeerCertByName = profileItem.verifyPeerCertByName.nullIfBlank(),
+            pinnedPeerCertSha256 = profileItem.pinnedCA256.nullIfBlank(),
+            publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.nullIfBlank(),
+            shortId = profileItem.shortId.nullIfBlank(),
+            spiderX = profileItem.spiderX.nullIfBlank(),
+            mldsa65Verify = profileItem.mldsa65Verify.nullIfBlank(),
+        )
+        if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.TLS) {
+            streamSettings.tlsSettings = tlsSetting
+            streamSettings.realitySettings = null
+        } else if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.REALITY) {
+            streamSettings.tlsSettings = null
+            streamSettings.realitySettings = tlsSetting
+        }
+
+        if (profileItem.finalMask.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            updateOutboundFragment(streamSettings)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Updates the outbound with fragment settings for traffic optimization.
+     *
+     * Configures packet fragmentation for TLS and REALITY protocols if enabled.
+     *
+     * @param streamSettings The streamSettings object to be modified
+     * @return true if fragment configuration was successful, false otherwise
+     */
+    private fun updateOutboundFragment(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean): Boolean {
+        try {
+            if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_ENABLED, false) == false) {
+                return true
+            }
+            if (streamSettings.security != AppConfig.TLS
+                && streamSettings.security != AppConfig.REALITY
+            ) {
+                return true
+            }
+            if (streamSettings.sockopt?.dialerProxy.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+                return true
+            }
+
+            var packets =
+                MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_PACKETS) ?: "tlshello"
+            if (streamSettings.security == AppConfig.REALITY
+                && packets == "tlshello"
+            ) {
+                packets = "1-3"
+            }
+
+            val fragmentMask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                type = "fragment",
+                settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                    packets = packets,
+                    length = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH)
+                        ?: "50-100",
+                    delay = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL)
+                        ?: "10-20",
+                    maxSplit = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_MAXSPLIT)
+                        ?: "10"
+                )
+            )
+            val noiseMask = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean(
+                type = "noise",
+                settings = OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean(
+                    noise = listOf(
+                        OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean.MaskSettingsBean.NoiseMaskBean(
+                            rand = "10-20",
+                            delay = "10-16",
+                        )
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+
+            val finalMaskObj = streamSettings.finalmask?.let { existingFinalMask ->
+                JsonUtil.parseString(JsonUtil.toJson(existingFinalMask))
+            } ?: JsonObject()
+
+            // finalmask.tcp / finalmask.udp are arrays; prepend mask at index 0.
+            fun prependMask(scope: String, mask: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean.FinalMaskBean.MaskBean) {
+                val current = finalMaskObj.get(scope)
+                if (current != null && current.isJsonArray && current.asJsonArray.size() > 0) {
+                    return
+                }
+
+                val newArray = JsonArray()
+                newArray.add(JsonUtil.parseString(JsonUtil.toJson(mask)))
+
+                if (current != null && current.isJsonArray) {
+                    current.asJsonArray.forEach { newArray.add(it) }
+                }
+                finalMaskObj.add(scope, newArray)
+            }
+
+            prependMask("tcp", fragmentMask)
+            prependMask("udp", noiseMask)
+            streamSettings.finalmask = finalMaskObj
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to update outbound fragment", e)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    private fun getServerAddress(profileItem: ProfileItem): String {
+        if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(profileItem.server.orEmpty())) {
+            return profileItem.server.orEmpty()
+        }
+
+        val domain = HttpUtil.toIdnDomain(profileItem.server.orEmpty())
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD, "1") != "2") {
+            return domain
+        }
+        //Resolve and replace domain
+        val resolvedIps = HttpUtil.resolveHostToIP(domain, MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6))
+        if (resolvedIps.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            return domain
+        }
+        return resolvedIps.first()
+    }
+
+    fun updateOutboundFinalMask(streamSettings: OutboundBean.StreamSettingsBean, profileItem: ProfileItem) {
+        val finalMask = profileItem.finalMask
+        finalMask?.let {
+            val parsedFinalMask = JsonUtil.parseString(profileItem.finalMask)
+            if (parsedFinalMask != null) {
+                streamSettings.finalmask = parsedFinalMask
+            } else {
+                LogUtil.w("V2rayConfigManager", "Invalid finalMask JSON, keeping previously generated finalmask")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+package com.v2ray.ang.core

 import android.app.Service
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
@@ -12,80 +12,58 @@ import android.system.OsConstants
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.IDialerService
 import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.ServiceControl
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
-import com.v2ray.ang.service.V2RayProxyOnlyService
-import com.v2ray.ang.service.V2RayVpnService
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.OutboundTrafficStat
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.BrowserDialerMode
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.NotificationManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SpeedtestManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.helper.MessageHelper
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.DialerNativeService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.DialerWebviewService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.NetworkMonitor
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.MessageUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import kotlin.jvm.Volatile
 import libv2ray.CoreCallbackHandler
 import libv2ray.CoreController
 import libv2ray.ProcessFinder
 import java.lang.ref.SoftReference
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress

-object V2RayServiceManager {
+object CoreServiceManager {

-    private val coreController: CoreController = V2RayNativeManager.newCoreController(CoreCallback())
+    private val coreController: CoreController = CoreNativeManager.newCoreController(CoreCallback())
    private val mMsgReceive = ReceiveMessageHandler()
    private var currentConfig: ProfileItem? = null
    private var processFinder: XrayProcessFinder? = null
+    private var browserDialer: IDialerService? = null
+    private var networkMonitor: NetworkMonitor? = null
+
+    @Volatile
+    private var isReloading = false
+
+    /** Tun descriptor the core was started with, null in the proxy only and root run modes. */
+    private var currentVpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor? = null

    var serviceControl: SoftReference<ServiceControl>? = null
        set(value) {
            field = value
            val service = value?.get()?.getService()
-            V2RayNativeManager.initCoreEnv(service)
+            CoreNativeManager.initCoreEnv(service)
            if (service != null && processFinder == null && Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
                processFinder = XrayProcessFinder(service)
                coreController.registerProcessFinder(processFinder)
            }
        }

-    /**
-     * Starts the V2Ray service from a toggle action.
-     * @param context The context from which the service is started.
-     * @return True if the service was started successfully, false otherwise.
-     */
-    fun startVServiceFromToggle(context: Context): Boolean {
-        if (MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrEmpty()) {
-            context.toast(R.string.app_tile_first_use)
-            return false
-        }
-        startContextService(context)
-        return true
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Starts the V2Ray service.
-     * @param context The context from which the service is started.
-     * @param guid The GUID of the server configuration to use (optional).
-     */
-    fun startVService(context: Context, guid: String? = null) {
-        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: startVService from ${context::class.java.simpleName}")
-
-        if (guid != null) {
-            MmkvManager.setSelectServer(guid)
-        }
-
-        startContextService(context)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Stops the V2Ray service.
-     * @param context The context from which the service is stopped.
-     */
-    fun stopVService(context: Context) {
-        //context.toast(R.string.toast_services_stop)
-        MessageUtil.sendMsg2Service(context, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP, "")
-    }
-
    /**
     * Checks if the V2Ray service is running.
     * @return True if the service is running, false otherwise.
@@ -98,72 +76,13 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
     */
    fun getRunningServerName() = currentConfig?.remarks.orEmpty()

-    /**
-     * Starts the context service for V2Ray.
-     * Chooses between VPN service or Proxy-only service based on user settings.
-     * @param context The context from which the service is started.
-     */
-    private fun startContextService(context: Context) {
-        if (coreController.isRunning) {
-            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core already running")
-            return
-        }
-
-        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
-        if (guid == null) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: No server selected")
-            return
-        }
-
-        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
-        if (config == null) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to decode server config")
-            return
-        }
-
-        if (config.configType != EConfigType.CUSTOM
-            && config.configType != EConfigType.POLICYGROUP
-            && !Utils.isValidUrl(config.server)
-            && !Utils.isPureIpAddress(config.server.orEmpty())
-        ) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Invalid server configuration")
-            return
-        }
-        // refresh socks port when enabled dynamic socks port
-        SettingsManager.refreshRuntimeSocksPort()
-
-//        val result = V2rayConfigUtil.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
-//        if (!result.status) return
-
-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PROXY_SHARING)) {
-            context.toast(R.string.toast_warning_pref_proxysharing_short)
-        } else {
-            context.toast(R.string.toast_services_start)
-        }
-
-        val isVpnMode = SettingsManager.isVpnMode()
-        val intent = if (isVpnMode) {
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting VPN service")
-            Intent(context.applicationContext, V2RayVpnService::class.java)
-        } else {
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting Proxy service")
-            Intent(context.applicationContext, V2RayProxyOnlyService::class.java)
-        }
-
-        try {
-            ContextCompat.startForegroundService(context, intent)
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to start service", e)
-        }
-    }
-
    /**
     * Refer to the official documentation for [registerReceiver](https://developer.android.com/reference/androidx/core/content/ContextCompat#registerReceiver(android.content.Context,android.content.BroadcastReceiver,android.content.IntentFilter,int):
     * `registerReceiver(Context, BroadcastReceiver, IntentFilter, int)`.
     * Starts the V2Ray core service.
     */
    fun startCoreLoop(vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor?): Boolean {
-        if (coreController.isRunning) {
+        if (isRunning()) {
            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core already running")
            return false
        }
@@ -174,67 +93,88 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            return false
        }

-        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
-        if (guid == null) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: No server selected")
+        try {
+            doStartCoreLoop(service, vpnInterface)
+            return true
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            val message = e.message?.takeUnless { it.isBlank() } ?: e.javaClass.simpleName
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: $message", e)
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_FAILURE, message)
+            NotificationManager.cancelNotification()
            return false
        }
+    }

-        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
-        if (config == null) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to decode server config")
-            return false
-        }
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    private fun doStartCoreLoop(service: Service, vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor?) {
+        val mFilter = IntentFilter(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE)
+        mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_ON)
+        mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_OFF)
+        mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_PRESENT)
+        ContextCompat.registerReceiver(service, mMsgReceive, mFilter, Utils.receiverFlags())
+
+        currentVpnInterface = vpnInterface
+        launchCore(service, vpnInterface)
+        startNetworkMonitor(service)
+    }
+
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    private fun launchCore(service: Service, vpnInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor?, isReload: Boolean = false) {
+        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer() ?: error("No server selected")
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: error("Failed to decode server config")

        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Starting core loop for ${config.remarks}")
-        val result = V2rayConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(service, guid)
+        val result = CoreConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(service, guid)
        LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, result.content)
        if (!result.status) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to get V2Ray config")
-            return false
-        }
-
-        try {
-            val mFilter = IntentFilter(AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE)
-            mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_ON)
-            mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_OFF)
-            mFilter.addAction(Intent.ACTION_USER_PRESENT)
-            ContextCompat.registerReceiver(service, mMsgReceive, mFilter, Utils.receiverFlags())
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to register receiver", e)
-            return false
+            error(result.errorMessage.ifBlank { "Failed to get V2Ray config" })
        }

        currentConfig = config
        var tunFd = vpnInterface?.fd ?: 0
+        val dialerMode = BrowserDialerMode.from(config.browserDialerMode)
+        val dialerAddr = if (dialerMode != null) {
+            "127.0.0.1:${Utils.findRandomFreePort()}"
+        } else {
+            ""
+        }
        if (SettingsManager.isUsingHevTun()) {
            tunFd = 0
        }

-        try {
-            NotificationManager.showNotification(currentConfig)
-            coreController.startLoop(result.content, tunFd)
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to start core loop", e)
-            return false
+        NotificationManager.showNotification(currentConfig)
+        if (dialerAddr.isNotNullEmpty()) {
+            CoreNativeManager.reconcileBrowserDialer(dialerAddr)
+        }
+        coreController.startLoop(result.content, tunFd)
+
+        if (!isRunning()) {
+            error("Core failed to start")
        }

-        if (coreController.isRunning == false) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core failed to start")
-            MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_FAILURE, "")
-            NotificationManager.cancelNotification()
-            return false
+        if (browserDialer != null) {
+            browserDialer!!.stop()
+            browserDialer = null
+        }
+        when (dialerMode) {
+            BrowserDialerMode.OKHTTP -> {
+                browserDialer = DialerNativeService()
+                browserDialer!!.start(service, dialerAddr)
+            }
+
+            BrowserDialerMode.WEBVIEW -> {
+                browserDialer = DialerWebviewService()
+                browserDialer!!.start(service, dialerAddr)
+            }
+
+            else -> {}
        }

-        try {
-            MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_SUCCESS, "")
-            NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core started successfully")
-        } catch (e: Exception) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to complete startup", e)
-            return false
+        if (!isReload) {
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_SUCCESS, "")
        }
-        return true
+        NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification()
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core started successfully")
    }

    /**
@@ -245,7 +185,11 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
    fun stopCoreLoop(): Boolean {
        val service = getService() ?: return false

-        if (coreController.isRunning) {
+        networkMonitor?.unregister()
+        networkMonitor = null
+        currentVpnInterface = null
+
+        if (isRunning()) {
            CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
                try {
                    coreController.stopLoop()
@@ -255,7 +199,14 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            }
        }

-        MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP_SUCCESS, "")
+        // Close existing browser dialer
+        CoreNativeManager.reconcileBrowserDialer("")
+        if (browserDialer != null) {
+            browserDialer!!.stop()
+            browserDialer = null
+        }
+
+        MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP_SUCCESS, "")
        NotificationManager.cancelNotification()

        try {
@@ -268,13 +219,87 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
    }

    /**
-     * Queries the statistics for a given tag and link.
-     * @param tag The tag to query.
-     * @param link The link to query.
-     * @return The statistics value.
+     * Subscribes to upstream network changes for whichever run mode is active.
+     * All three services share this manager, so the tunnel recovers from a handover in proxy only
+     * and root mode as well, not just behind the VPN interface.
     */
-    fun queryStats(tag: String, link: String): Long {
-        return coreController.queryStats(tag, link)
+    private fun startNetworkMonitor(service: Service) {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.P) return
+        if (networkMonitor != null) return
+
+        val connectivity = service.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE) as? ConnectivityManager ?: return
+        networkMonitor = NetworkMonitor(
+            connectivity = connectivity,
+            onUnderlyingNetworksChanged = { networks -> serviceControl?.get()?.setUnderlyingNetworks(networks) },
+            onHandover = { reloadCore() },
+        ).also { it.register() }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Restarts the core in place after the upstream network changed: the service, the notification
+     * and the VPN interface all stay up, so nothing of this is visible.
+     *
+     * The config is rebuilt on purpose, outbound server domains are resolved while building it and
+     * an address resolved on a network that is gone can be unusable on the new one.
+     *
+     * @return True if the core is running again.
+     */
+    private fun reloadCore(): Boolean {
+        if (isReloading) return false
+        val service = getService() ?: return false
+        if (!isRunning()) return false
+
+        return try {
+            val tunFd = currentVpnInterface
+
+            isReloading = true
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core reload start...")
+
+            coreController.stopLoop()
+            launchCore(service, tunFd, isReload = true)
+
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Core reload finished")
+            true
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            val message = e.message?.takeUnless { it.isBlank() } ?: e.javaClass.simpleName
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Failed to reload core: $message", e)
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_START_FAILURE, message)
+            false
+        } finally {
+            isReloading = false
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Queries and resets all outbound traffic counters in one core call.
+     * Go side format: tag,direction,value;tag,direction,value;
+     */
+    fun queryAllOutboundTrafficStats(): List<OutboundTrafficStat> {
+        // The stats manager is gone once the core stops, querying it then reaches into freed state.
+        if (!isRunning()) return emptyList()
+
+        val payload = coreController.queryAllOutboundTrafficStats()
+
+        val result = ArrayList<OutboundTrafficStat>()
+
+        payload.split(';').forEach { entry ->
+            if (entry.isBlank()) return@forEach
+
+            val parts = entry.split(',', limit = 3)
+            if (parts.size != 3) return@forEach
+
+            val value = parts[2].toLongOrNull() ?: return@forEach
+
+            result.add(
+                OutboundTrafficStat(
+                    tag = parts[0],
+                    direction = parts[1],
+                    value = value,
+                )
+            )
+        }
+//        LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "Queried outbound traffic stats: $result")
+        return result
    }

    /**
@@ -283,7 +308,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
     * Also fetches remote IP information if the delay test was successful.
     */
    private fun measureV2rayDelay() {
-        if (coreController.isRunning == false) {
+        if (!isRunning()) {
            return
        }

@@ -312,12 +337,12 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            } else {
                service.getString(R.string.connection_test_error, errorStr)
            }
-            MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS, result)
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS, result)

            // Only fetch IP info if the delay test was successful
            if (time >= 0) {
                SpeedtestManager.getRemoteIPInfo()?.let { ip ->
-                    MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS, "$result\n$ip")
+                    MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(service, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY_SUCCESS, "$result\n$ip")
                }
            }
        }
@@ -401,7 +426,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
                //LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "ProcessFinder: Find $network connection from $srcIP:$srcPort to $destIP:$destPort, uid=$uid,${PackageUidResolver.uidToPackageName(uid.toString())}")

                uid
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
+            } catch (_: Exception) {
                -1L
            }
        }
@@ -422,10 +447,10 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            val serviceControl = serviceControl?.get() ?: return
            when (intent?.getIntExtra("key", 0)) {
                AppConfig.MSG_REGISTER_CLIENT -> {
-                    if (coreController.isRunning) {
-                        MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(serviceControl.getService(), AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RUNNING, "")
+                    if (isRunning()) {
+                        MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(serviceControl.getService(), AppConfig.MSG_STATE_RUNNING, "")
                    } else {
-                        MessageUtil.sendMsg2UI(serviceControl.getService(), AppConfig.MSG_STATE_NOT_RUNNING, "")
+                        MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(serviceControl.getService(), AppConfig.MSG_STATE_NOT_RUNNING, "")
                    }
                }

@@ -446,7 +471,7 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Restart service")
                    serviceControl.stopService()
                    Thread.sleep(500L)
-                    startVService(serviceControl.getService())
+                    LauncherManager.startService(serviceControl.getService())
                }

                AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_DELAY -> {
@@ -457,12 +482,12 @@ object V2RayServiceManager {
            when (intent?.action) {
                Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_OFF -> {
                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Screen off")
-                    NotificationManager.stopSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
+                    NotificationManager.stopSpeedNotification()
                }

                Intent.ACTION_SCREEN_ON -> {
                    LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Manager: Screen on")
-                    NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification(currentConfig)
+                    NotificationManager.startSpeedNotification()
                }
            }
        }
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.core
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isComplexType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toastError
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.helper.MessageHelper
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreProxyOnlyService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreRootService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreVpnService
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+object LauncherManager {
+
+    fun startServiceFromToggle(context: Context): Boolean {
+        if (MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            context.toast(R.string.app_tile_first_use)
+            return false
+        }
+        try {
+            startContextService(context)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: ${e.message}", e)
+            context.toast(e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    fun startService(context: Context, guid: String? = null) {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: startService from ${context::class.java.simpleName}")
+
+        if (guid != null) {
+            MmkvManager.setSelectServer(guid)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            startContextService(context)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: ${e.message}", e)
+            context.toast(e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName)
+        }
+    }
+
+    fun stopService(context: Context) {
+        //context.toast(R.string.toast_services_stop)
+        MessageHelper.sendMsg2Service(context, AppConfig.MSG_STATE_STOP, "")
+    }
+
+    @Throws(Exception::class)
+    private fun startContextService(context: Context) {
+        // Note: isRunning check is removed here to avoid loading Native libraries in the UI process.
+        // The check is performed in CoreServiceManager when the service starts in the daemon process.
+
+        val guid = MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
+            ?: run {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: No server selected")
+                error(context.getString(R.string.app_tile_first_use))
+            }
+
+        val config = MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(guid)
+            ?: run {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Failed to decode server config")
+                error(context.getString(R.string.toast_config_file_invalid))
+            }
+
+        if (!config.configType.isComplexType()
+            && !Utils.isValidUrl(config.server)
+            && !Utils.isPureIpAddress(config.server.orEmpty())
+        ) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Invalid server configuration")
+            error(context.getString(R.string.toast_config_file_invalid))
+        }
+
+        SettingsManager.refreshRuntimeSocksPort()
+
+        if (config.insecure == true && config.pinnedCA256.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+            context.toastError(R.string.toast_allow_insecure_deprecated)
+            Utils.setClipboard(context, context.getString(R.string.toast_allow_insecure_deprecated))
+        }
+
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PROXY_SHARING)) {
+            context.toast(R.string.toast_warning_pref_proxysharing_short)
+        } else {
+            context.toast(R.string.toast_services_start)
+        }
+
+        val isRootMode = SettingsManager.isRootMode()
+        if (isRootMode && !RootManager.isRootAvailable()) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: root mode requires root but none available")
+            error(context.getString(R.string.toast_root_required))
+        }
+
+        val intent = if (isRootMode) {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Starting Root service")
+            Intent(context.applicationContext, CoreRootService::class.java)
+        } else if (SettingsManager.isVpnMode()) {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Starting VPN service")
+            Intent(context.applicationContext, CoreVpnService::class.java)
+        } else {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Starting Proxy service")
+            Intent(context.applicationContext, CoreProxyOnlyService::class.java)
+        }
+
+        try {
+            ContextCompat.startForegroundService(context, intent)
+        } catch (e: SecurityException) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Missing permission to start foreground service", e)
+            throw IllegalStateException(e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName, e)
+        } catch (e: RuntimeException) {
+            if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.S &&
+                e.javaClass.name == "android.app.ForegroundServiceStartNotAllowedException"
+            ) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "LauncherManager: Foreground service start not allowed", e)
+                throw IllegalStateException(e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName, e)
+            }
+            throw e
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,11 +1,8 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.dto

-import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable
-
 data class AppInfo(
    val appName: String,
    val packageName: String,
-    val appIcon: Drawable,
    val isSystemApp: Boolean,
    var isSelected: Int
 )
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class CertSha256Request(
+    val address: String = "",
+    val port: Int = 443,
+    val serverName: String? = null,
+    val timeoutMs: Long = 5000L,
+)
+
+data class CertSha256Result(
+    val sha256: String = "",
+    val error: String = "",
+)
@@ -4,5 +4,6 @@ data class ConfigResult(
    var status: Boolean,
    var guid: String? = null,
    var content: String = "",
+    var errorMessage: String = "",
 )

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.CoreResolvedType
+
+data class CoreConfigContext(
+    val context: Context,
+    val guid: String,
+    val isCustom: Boolean = false,
+    val resolvedOutbounds: List<ResolvedOutbound> = emptyList(),
+    val routingDomainRules: List<RoutingDomainRule> = emptyList(),
+) {
+    data class ResolvedOutbound(
+        val tag: String,
+        val profile: ProfileItem,
+        val resolvedProfiles: List<ProfileItem>,
+        val resolvedType: CoreResolvedType,
+    )
+
+    data class RoutingDomainRule(
+        val domain: List<String>,
+        val outboundTag: String,
+    )
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class LocateTarget(
+    val groupId: String,
+    val groupIndex: Int,
+    val itemPosition: Int
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class OutboundTrafficStat(
+    val tag: String,
+    val direction: String,
+    val value: Long,
+)
@@ -1,130 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
-
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.LOOPBACK
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_PROXY
-import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
-
-data class ProfileItem(
-    val configVersion: Int = 4,
-    val configType: EConfigType,
-    var subscriptionId: String = "",
-    var addedTime: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
-
-    var remarks: String = "",
-    var description: String? = null,
-    var server: String? = null,
-    var serverPort: String? = null,
-
-    var password: String? = null,
-    var method: String? = null,
-    var flow: String? = null,
-    var username: String? = null,
-
-    var network: String? = null,
-    var headerType: String? = null,
-    var host: String? = null,
-    var path: String? = null,
-    var seed: String? = null,
-    var quicSecurity: String? = null,
-    var quicKey: String? = null,
-    var mode: String? = null,
-    var serviceName: String? = null,
-    var authority: String? = null,
-    var xhttpMode: String? = null,
-    var xhttpExtra: String? = null,
-    var finalMask: String? = null,
-    var security: String? = null,
-    var sni: String? = null,
-    var alpn: String? = null,
-    var fingerPrint: String? = null,
-    var insecure: Boolean? = null,
-    var echConfigList: String? = null,
-    var echForceQuery: String? = null,
-    var pinnedCA256: String? = null,
-
-    var publicKey: String? = null,
-    var shortId: String? = null,
-    var spiderX: String? = null,
-    var mldsa65Verify: String? = null,
-
-    var secretKey: String? = null,
-    var preSharedKey: String? = null,
-    var localAddress: String? = null,
-    var reserved: String? = null,
-    var mtu: Int? = null,
-
-    var obfsPassword: String? = null,
-    var portHopping: String? = null,
-    var portHoppingInterval: String? = null,
-    var pinSHA256: String? = null,
-    var bandwidthDown: String? = null,
-    var bandwidthUp: String? = null,
-
-    var policyGroupType: String? = null,
-    var policyGroupSubscriptionId: String? = null,
-    var policyGroupFilter: String? = null,
-
-    ) {
-    companion object {
-        fun create(configType: EConfigType): ProfileItem {
-            return ProfileItem(configType = configType)
-        }
-    }
-
-    fun getAllOutboundTags(): MutableList<String> {
-        return mutableListOf(TAG_PROXY, TAG_DIRECT, TAG_BLOCKED)
-    }
-
-    fun getServerAddressAndPort(): String {
-        if (server.isNullOrEmpty() && configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
-            return "$LOOPBACK:$PORT_SOCKS"
-        }
-        return Utils.getIpv6Address(server) + ":" + serverPort
-    }
-
-    override fun equals(other: Any?): Boolean {
-        if (other == null) return false
-        val obj = other as ProfileItem
-
-        return (this.server == obj.server
-                && this.serverPort == obj.serverPort
-                && this.password == obj.password
-                && this.method == obj.method
-                && this.flow == obj.flow
-                && this.username == obj.username
-
-                && this.network == obj.network
-                && this.headerType == obj.headerType
-                && this.host == obj.host
-                && this.path == obj.path
-                && this.seed == obj.seed
-                && this.quicSecurity == obj.quicSecurity
-                && this.quicKey == obj.quicKey
-                && this.mode == obj.mode
-                && this.serviceName == obj.serviceName
-                && this.authority == obj.authority
-                && this.xhttpMode == obj.xhttpMode
-
-                && this.security == obj.security
-                && this.sni == obj.sni
-                && this.alpn == obj.alpn
-                && this.fingerPrint == obj.fingerPrint
-                && this.publicKey == obj.publicKey
-                && this.shortId == obj.shortId
-
-                && this.secretKey == obj.secretKey
-                && this.localAddress == obj.localAddress
-                && this.reserved == obj.reserved
-                && this.mtu == obj.mtu
-
-                && this.obfsPassword == obj.obfsPassword
-                && this.portHopping == obj.portHopping
-                && this.portHoppingInterval == obj.portHoppingInterval
-                && this.pinnedCA256 == obj.pinnedCA256
-                )
-    }
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+sealed class RealPingEvent {
+
+    /** Periodic progress update while the batch is still running. */
+    data class Progress(val text: String) : RealPingEvent()
+
+    /** A single server result is available. */
+    data class Result(val guid: String, val delayMillis: Long) : RealPingEvent()
+
+    /** The entire batch has finished or been cancelled. */
+    data class Finish(val status: String) : RealPingEvent()
+}
+
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
-
-data class ServersCache(
-    val guid: String,
-    val profile: ProfileItem
-)
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import java.io.Serializable
+
+data class SubscriptionUpdateMessage(
+    val key: Int,
+    val forcedUpdate: Boolean,
+    val subIds: List<String> = listOf()
+) : Serializable
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import java.io.Serializable
 data class TestServiceMessage(
    val key: Int,
    val subscriptionId: String = "",
-    val serverGuids: List<String> = emptyList()
+    val serverGuids: List<String> = emptyList(),
+    val onlyTcp: Boolean = false
 ) : Serializable

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+data class UrlContentRequest(
+    val url: String?,
+    val timeout: Int = 15000,
+    val httpPort: Int = 0,
+    val proxyUsername: String? = null,
+    val proxyPassword: String? = null,
+    val userAgent: String? = null,
+    val requestHeaders: String? = null
+)
@@ -68,71 +68,38 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        var protocol: String,
        var settings: OutSettingsBean? = null,
        var streamSettings: StreamSettingsBean? = null,
-        val proxySettings: Any? = null,
        val sendThrough: String? = null,
        var mux: MuxBean? = MuxBean(false)
    ) {
        data class OutSettingsBean(
-            var vnext: List<VnextBean>? = null,
-            var servers: List<ServersBean>? = null,
-            /*Blackhole*/
-            var response: Response? = null,
-            /*DNS*/
-            val network: String? = null,
+            /*Common */
            var address: Any? = null,
            var port: Int? = null,
-            /*Freedom*/
-            var domainStrategy: String? = null,
-            val redirect: String? = null,
-            val userLevel: Int? = null,
-            /*Loopback*/
-            val inboundTag: String? = null,
+            var level: Int? = null,
+            var email: String? = null,
+            /*HTTP/SOCKS*/
+            var user: String? = null,
+            var pass: String? = null,
+            var headers: Map<String, String>? = null,
+            /*VMess/VLESS*/
+            var id: String? = null,
+            var security: String? = null,
+            var encryption: String? = null,
+            /*VLESS*/
+            var flow: String? = null,
+            /*Trojan/Shadowsocks*/
+            var password: String? = null,
+            /*Shadowsocks*/
+            var method: String? = null,
+            /*Hysteria/Hysteria2*/
+            var version: Int? = null,
            /*Wireguard*/
            var secretKey: String? = null,
            val peers: List<WireGuardBean>? = null,
            var reserved: List<Int>? = null,
            var mtu: Int? = null,
-            var obfsPassword: String? = null,
-            var version: Int? = null,
+            var domainStrategy: String? = null,
        ) {
-
-            data class VnextBean(
-                var address: String = "",
-                var port: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_PORT,
-                var users: List<UsersBean>
-            ) {
-
-                data class UsersBean(
-                    var id: String = "",
-                    var alterId: Int? = null,
-                    var security: String? = null,
-                    var level: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL,
-                    var encryption: String? = null,
-                    var flow: String? = null
-                )
-            }
-
-            data class ServersBean(
-                var address: String = "",
-                var method: String? = null,
-                var ota: Boolean = false,
-                var password: String? = null,
-                var port: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_PORT,
-                var level: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL,
-                val email: String? = null,
-                var flow: String? = null,
-                val ivCheck: Boolean? = null,
-                var users: List<SocksUsersBean>? = null
-            ) {
-                data class SocksUsersBean(
-                    var user: String = "",
-                    var pass: String = "",
-                    var level: Int = AppConfig.DEFAULT_LEVEL
-                )
-            }
-
-            data class Response(var type: String)
-
            data class WireGuardBean(
                var publicKey: String = "",
                var preSharedKey: String? = null,
@@ -141,7 +108,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        }

        data class StreamSettingsBean(
-            var network: String = AppConfig.DEFAULT_NETWORK,
+            var network: String? = AppConfig.DEFAULT_NETWORK,
            var security: String? = null,
            var tcpSettings: TcpSettingsBean? = null,
            var kcpSettings: KcpSettingsBean? = null,
@@ -181,7 +148,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                            @SerializedName("Accept-Encoding")
                            val acceptEncoding: List<String>? = null,
                            val Connection: List<String>? = null,
-                            val Pragma: String? = null
+                            val Pragma: Any? = null
                        )
                    }
                }
@@ -199,13 +166,12 @@ data class V2rayConfig(

            data class WsSettingsBean(
                var path: String? = null,
-                var headers: HeadersBean = HeadersBean(),
+                var host: String? = null,
+                var headers: Map<String, String>? = null,
                val maxEarlyData: Int? = null,
                val useBrowserForwarding: Boolean? = null,
                val acceptProxyProtocol: Boolean? = null
-            ) {
-                data class HeadersBean(var Host: String = "")
-            }
+            )

            data class HttpupgradeSettingsBean(
                var path: String? = null,
@@ -256,10 +222,9 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                val disableSystemRoot: Boolean? = null,
                val enableSessionResumption: Boolean? = null,
                var echConfigList: String? = null,
-                var echForceQuery: String? = null,
+                var verifyPeerCertByName: String? = null,
                var pinnedPeerCertSha256: String? = null,
                // REALITY settings
-                val show: Boolean = false,
                var publicKey: String? = null,
                var shortId: String? = null,
                var spiderX: String? = null,
@@ -299,12 +264,13 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
                ) {
                    data class MaskSettingsBean(
                        val password: String? = null,
-                        val domain: String? = null,
+                        val header: String? = null,
+                        val value: String? = null,
                        // fragment
                        val packets: String? = null,
                        val length: String? = null,
                        val delay: String? = null,
-                        // val maxSplit: String? = null,
+                        val maxSplit: String? = null,
                        // noise
                        val reset: Int? = null,
                        val noise: List<NoiseMaskBean>? = null
@@ -342,45 +308,19 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        )

        fun getServerAddress(): String? {
-            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VMESS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.vnext?.first()?.address
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.servers?.first()?.address
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
-                return settings?.peers?.first()?.endpoint?.substringBeforeLast(":")
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.address as String?
+            return if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
+                settings?.peers?.firstOrNull()?.endpoint?.substringBeforeLast(":")
+            } else {
+                settings?.address as? String
            }
-            return null
        }

        fun getServerPort(): Int? {
-            if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.VMESS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.VLESS.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.vnext?.first()?.port
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.SOCKS.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HTTP.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.TROJAN.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.servers?.first()?.port
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
-                return settings?.peers?.first()?.endpoint?.substringAfterLast(":")?.toInt()
-            } else if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.name, true)
-                || protocol.equals(EConfigType.HYSTERIA.name, true)
-            ) {
-                return settings?.port
+            return if (protocol.equals(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.name, true)) {
+                settings?.peers?.firstOrNull()?.endpoint?.substringAfterLast(":")?.toIntOrNull()
+            } else {
+                settings?.port
            }
-            return null
        }

        fun ensureSockopt(): StreamSettingsBean.SockoptBean {
@@ -402,6 +342,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        val clientIp: String? = null,
        val disableCache: Boolean? = null,
        val queryStrategy: String? = null,
+        val enableParallelQuery: Boolean? = null,
        val tag: String? = null
    ) {
        data class ServersBean(
@@ -496,6 +437,7 @@ data class V2rayConfig(
        data class PingConfigObject(
            val destination: String,
            val connectivity: String? = null,
+            val httpMethod: String? = null,
            val interval: String,
            val sampling: Int,
            val timeout: String? = null
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.BalancerStrategyType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
+
+@Suppress("PropertyName")
+data class V2rayNShareItem(
+    // val IndexId: String?,
+    val ConfigType: Int?,
+    // val CoreType: Int?,
+    val ConfigVersion: Int?,
+    val Subid: String?,
+    val IsSub: Boolean?,
+    val PreSocksPort: Int?,
+    // val DisplayLog: Boolean?,
+    val Remarks: String?,
+    val Address: String?,
+    val Port: Int?,
+    val Password: String?,
+    val Username: String?,
+    val Network: String?,
+    val StreamSecurity: String?,
+    val AllowInsecure: String?,
+    val Sni: String?,
+    val Alpn: String?,
+    val Fingerprint: String?,
+    val PublicKey: String?,
+    val ShortId: String?,
+    val SpiderX: String?,
+    val Mldsa65Verify: String?,
+    // val MuxEnabled: Boolean?,
+    // val Cert: String?,
+    val CertSha: String?,
+    val EchConfigList: String?,
+    val VerifyPeerCertByName: String?,
+    val Finalmask: String?,
+    val ProtoExtraObj: V2rayNProtocolExtraShareItem?,
+    val TransportExtraObj: V2rayNTransportExtraShareItem?,
+) {
+    data class V2rayNProtocolExtraShareItem(
+        val AlterId: Int?,
+        val VmessSecurity: String?,
+        val Flow: String?,
+        val VlessEncryption: String?,
+        val SsMethod: String?,
+        val WgPublicKey: String?,
+        val WgPresharedKey: String?,
+        val WgInterfaceAddress: String?,
+        val WgReserved: String?,
+        val WgMtu: Int?,
+        val SalamanderPass: String?,
+        val UpMbps: Int?,
+        val DownMbps: Int?,
+        val Ports: String?,
+        val HopInterval: String?,
+        val GroupType: String?,
+        val ChildItems: String?,
+        val SubChildItems: String?,
+        val Filter: String?,
+        val MultipleLoad: Int?,
+    )
+
+    data class V2rayNTransportExtraShareItem(
+        val RawHeaderType: String?,
+        val Host: String?,
+        val Path: String?,
+        val XhttpMode: String?,
+        val XhttpExtra: String?,
+        val GrpcAuthority: String?,
+        val GrpcServiceName: String?,
+        val GrpcMode: String?,
+        val KcpHeaderType: String?,
+        val KcpSeed: String?,
+        val KcpMtu: Int?,
+    )
+
+    fun toProfileItem(): ProfileItem {
+        val configType = when (ConfigType) {
+            1 -> EConfigType.VMESS
+            2 -> EConfigType.CUSTOM
+            3 -> EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS
+            4 -> EConfigType.SOCKS
+            5 -> EConfigType.VLESS
+            6 -> EConfigType.TROJAN
+            7 -> EConfigType.HYSTERIA2
+            // 8 -> EConfigType.TUIC
+            9 -> EConfigType.WIREGUARD
+            10 -> EConfigType.HTTP
+            101 -> EConfigType.POLICYGROUP
+            102 -> EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN
+            else -> error("Unknown ConfigType: $ConfigType")
+        }
+        val network = if (configType == EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) "hysteria" else
+            when (Network) {
+                "raw" -> "tcp"
+                else -> NetworkType.fromString(Network).type
+            }
+        val profile = ProfileItem(
+            configType = configType,
+            remarks = Remarks.orEmpty(),
+            server = Address.orEmpty(),
+            serverPort = Port.toString(),
+            password = Password.orEmpty(),
+            method = when (configType) {
+                EConfigType.VMESS -> ProtoExtraObj?.VmessSecurity.orEmpty()
+                EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS -> ProtoExtraObj?.SsMethod.orEmpty()
+                EConfigType.VLESS -> ProtoExtraObj?.VlessEncryption.orEmpty()
+                else -> null
+            },
+            flow = ProtoExtraObj?.Flow.orEmpty(),
+            username = Username.orEmpty(),
+            network = network,
+            headerType = when (network) {
+                NetworkType.TCP.type -> TransportExtraObj?.RawHeaderType
+                NetworkType.KCP.type -> TransportExtraObj?.KcpHeaderType
+                else -> null
+            },
+            host = TransportExtraObj?.Host,
+            path = TransportExtraObj?.Path,
+            seed = TransportExtraObj?.KcpSeed,
+            kcpMtu = TransportExtraObj?.KcpMtu,
+            mode = TransportExtraObj?.GrpcMode,
+            serviceName = TransportExtraObj?.GrpcServiceName,
+            authority = TransportExtraObj?.GrpcAuthority,
+            xhttpMode = TransportExtraObj?.XhttpMode,
+            xhttpExtra = TransportExtraObj?.XhttpExtra,
+            finalMask = Finalmask,
+            security = StreamSecurity,
+            sni = Sni,
+            alpn = Alpn,
+            fingerPrint = Fingerprint,
+            insecure = AllowInsecure?.toBoolean(),
+            echConfigList = EchConfigList,
+            verifyPeerCertByName = VerifyPeerCertByName,
+            pinnedCA256 = CertSha,
+            publicKey = PublicKey,
+            shortId = ShortId,
+            spiderX = SpiderX,
+            mldsa65Verify = Mldsa65Verify,
+            secretKey = if (configType == EConfigType.WIREGUARD) Password else null,
+            preSharedKey = ProtoExtraObj?.WgPresharedKey,
+            localAddress = ProtoExtraObj?.WgInterfaceAddress,
+            reserved = ProtoExtraObj?.WgReserved,
+            mtu = ProtoExtraObj?.WgMtu,
+            obfsPassword = ProtoExtraObj?.SalamanderPass,
+            portHopping = ProtoExtraObj?.Ports,
+            portHoppingInterval = ProtoExtraObj?.HopInterval,
+            bandwidthDown = ProtoExtraObj?.DownMbps?.takeIf { it > 0 }?.let { "${it}Mbps" },
+            bandwidthUp = ProtoExtraObj?.UpMbps?.takeIf { it > 0 }?.let { "${it}Mbps" },
+            policyGroupType = when (ProtoExtraObj?.MultipleLoad) {
+                2 -> BalancerStrategyType.RANDOM.policyGroupType
+                3 -> BalancerStrategyType.ROUND_ROBIN.policyGroupType
+                4 -> BalancerStrategyType.LEAST_LOAD.policyGroupType
+                else -> BalancerStrategyType.LEAST_PING.policyGroupType
+            },
+            // NOTE: not safe, suggest converting and rewriting
+            // policyGroupSubscriptionId = ProtoExtraObj?.SubChildItems,
+            policyGroupSubscriptionId = if (ProtoExtraObj?.SubChildItems == "self") "self" else null,
+            policyGroupFilter = ProtoExtraObj?.Filter,
+            // NOTE: proxyChainProfiles stores remarks, not IndexId
+            // proxyChainProfiles = ProtoExtraObj?.ChildItems,
+        )
+        // profile.description =
+        return profile
+    }
+}
@@ -16,5 +16,7 @@ data class VmessQRCode(
    var sni: String = "",
    var alpn: String = "",
    var fp: String = "",
-    var insecure: String = ""
+    var insecure: String = "",
+    var vcn: String = "",
+    var pcs: String = ""
 )
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class AssetUrlCache(
    val guid: String,
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class AssetUrlItem(
    var remarks: String = "",
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+data class ProfileItem(
+    val configVersion: Int = 4,
+    val configType: EConfigType,
+    var subscriptionId: String = "",
+    var addedTime: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
+
+    var remarks: String = "",
+    var description: String? = null,
+    var server: String? = null,
+    var serverPort: String? = null,
+
+    var password: String? = null,
+    var method: String? = null,
+    var flow: String? = null,
+    var username: String? = null,
+
+    var network: String? = null,
+    var headerType: String? = null,
+    var host: String? = null,
+    var path: String? = null,
+    var seed: String? = null,
+    var kcpMtu: Int? = null,
+    var kcpTti: Int? = null,
+
+    var quicSecurity: String? = null,
+    var quicKey: String? = null,
+    var mode: String? = null,
+    var serviceName: String? = null,
+    var authority: String? = null,
+    var xhttpMode: String? = null,
+    var xhttpExtra: String? = null,
+    var finalMask: String? = null,
+
+    var security: String? = null,
+    var sni: String? = null,
+    var alpn: String? = null,
+    var fingerPrint: String? = null,
+    var insecure: Boolean? = null,
+    var echConfigList: String? = null,
+    var verifyPeerCertByName: String? = null,
+    var pinnedCA256: String? = null,
+
+    var publicKey: String? = null,
+    var shortId: String? = null,
+    var spiderX: String? = null,
+    var mldsa65Verify: String? = null,
+
+    var secretKey: String? = null,
+    var preSharedKey: String? = null,
+    var localAddress: String? = null,
+    var reserved: String? = null,
+    var mtu: Int? = null,
+
+    var obfsPassword: String? = null,
+    var portHopping: String? = null,
+    var portHoppingInterval: String? = null,
+    @Deprecated("Use pinnedCA256")
+    var pinSHA256: String? = null,
+    var bandwidthDown: String? = null,
+    var bandwidthUp: String? = null,
+
+    var policyGroupType: String? = null,
+    var policyGroupSubscriptionId: String? = null,
+    var policyGroupFilter: String? = null,
+    var policyGroupTestOutbounds: Boolean? = null,
+    var policyGroupFallbackTag: String? = null,
+    var proxyChainProfiles: String? = null,
+
+    var browserDialerMode: String? = null,
+) {
+
+    companion object {
+        fun create(configType: EConfigType): ProfileItem =
+            ProfileItem(configType = configType)
+    }
+
+    fun getServerAddressAndPort(): String {
+        if (server.isNullOrEmpty() && configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
+            return "${AppConfig.LOOPBACK}:${AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS}"
+        }
+        return "${Utils.getIpv6Address(server)}:$serverPort"
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Dedicated identity for "remove duplicate configurations".
+     *
+     * Ignores metadata that does not affect connection:
+     * - configVersion
+     * - subscriptionId
+     * - addedTime
+     * - remarks
+     * - description
+     *
+     * All other fields, including configType, are included in the comparison.
+     *
+     * Returns a copy; the caller must not modify it further.
+     */
+    fun duplicateIdentity(): ProfileItem =
+        copy(
+            configVersion = 0,
+            subscriptionId = "",
+            addedTime = 0L,
+            remarks = "",
+            description = null
+        )
+}
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class RulesetItem(
+    var id: String = "",
    var remarks: String? = "",
    var ip: List<String>? = null,
    var domain: List<String>? = null,
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class ServerAffiliationInfo(var testDelayMillis: Long = 0L) {
    fun getTestDelayString(): String {
@@ -7,4 +7,4 @@ data class ServerAffiliationInfo(var testDelayMillis: Long = 0L) {
        }
        return testDelayMillis.toString() + "ms"
    }
-}
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities
+
+data class ServersCache(
+    val guid: String,
+    val profile: ProfileItem,
+    val testDelayMillis: Long = 0L,
+    val testDelayString: String = "",
+)
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class SubscriptionCache(
    val guid: String,
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class SubscriptionItem(
    var remarks: String = "",
@@ -7,11 +7,12 @@ data class SubscriptionItem(
    val addedTime: Long = System.currentTimeMillis(),
    var lastUpdated: Long = -1,
    var autoUpdate: Boolean = false,
-    val updateInterval: Int? = null,
+    var updateInterval: Long = 1440, // in minutes, default to 24 hours
    var prevProfile: String? = null,
    var nextProfile: String? = null,
    var filter: String? = null,
    var allowInsecureUrl: Boolean = false,
    var userAgent: String? = null,
+    var requestHeaders: String? = null,
 )

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.dto
+package com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities

 data class WebDavConfig(
    val baseUrl: String,
@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ data class WebDavConfig(
    val password: String? = null,
    val remoteBasePath: String = "/",
    val timeoutSeconds: Long = 30
-)
+)
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/**
+ * Load-balancing strategy types supported by xray balancer.
+ *
+ * @param policyGroupType The string value written into the xray config JSON.
+ * @param policyGroupTypeValue The numeric string stored in [com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem.policyGroupType].
+ * @param requiresBurstObservatory Whether this strategy needs a burstObservatory (leastLoad).
+ * @param requiresObservatory Whether this strategy needs an observatory (leastPing).
+ * @param supportsObservatory Whether an observatory can health-filter this strategy.
+ */
+enum class BalancerStrategyType(
+    val policyGroupType: String,
+    val policyGroupTypeValue: String,
+    val requiresBurstObservatory: Boolean = false,
+    val requiresObservatory: Boolean = false,
+    val supportsObservatory: Boolean = false,
+) {
+    LEAST_LOAD("leastLoad", "1", requiresBurstObservatory = true),
+    RANDOM("random", "2", supportsObservatory = true),
+    ROUND_ROBIN("roundRobin", "3", supportsObservatory = true),
+    LEAST_PING("leastPing", "", requiresObservatory = true); // default / else
+
+    companion object {
+        fun from(policyGroupType: String?): BalancerStrategyType =
+            entries.firstOrNull { it.policyGroupTypeValue == policyGroupType } ?: LEAST_PING
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+enum class BrowserDialerMode(val value: String) {
+    OKHTTP("OkHttp"),
+    WEBVIEW("WebView");
+
+    companion object {
+        fun from(value: String?): BrowserDialerMode? = entries.find { it.value == value }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/** Runtime type used during config assembly only. */
+enum class CoreResolvedType {
+    NORMAL,
+    POLICYGROUP,
+    PROXYCHAIN,
+}
@@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ enum class EConfigType(val value: Int, val protocolScheme: String) {
    HYSTERIA2(9, AppConfig.HYSTERIA2),
    HYSTERIA(900, AppConfig.HYSTERIA),
    HTTP(10, AppConfig.HTTP),
-    POLICYGROUP(101, AppConfig.CUSTOM);
+    POLICYGROUP(101, AppConfig.CUSTOM),
+    PROXYCHAIN(102, AppConfig.CUSTOM);

    companion object {
        fun fromInt(value: Int) = entries.firstOrNull { it.value == value }
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.enums
+
+/**
+ * Enum defining different notification channels.
+ * Each channel has a unique channelId, notificationId, and display name.
+ */
+enum class NotificationChannelType(
+    val channelId: String,
+    val channelName: String,
+    val notificationId: Int
+) {
+    SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE(
+        channelId = "subscription_update_channel",
+        channelName = "Subscription Update Service",
+        notificationId = 13
+    ),
+    CORE_TEST(
+        channelId = "core_test_channel",
+        channelName = "Core Test Service",
+        notificationId = 12
+    )
+}
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.enums
 import android.Manifest
 import android.os.Build
 import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
+import androidx.annotation.StringRes
+import com.v2ray.ang.R

 /**
 * Permission types used in the app, handling API level differences.
@@ -13,32 +15,28 @@ enum class PermissionType {
        override fun getPermission(): String = Manifest.permission.CAMERA
    },

-    /** Read storage / media permission (adapts to Android version) */
-    READ_STORAGE {
-        override fun getPermission(): String {
-            return if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
-                Manifest.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES
-            } else {
-                Manifest.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE
-            }
-        }
-    },
-
    /** Notification permission (Android 13+) */
    POST_NOTIFICATIONS {
        @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU)
        override fun getPermission(): String = Manifest.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS
+    },
+
+    /** Local network access permission (Android 17+) */
+    ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK {
+        @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.CINNAMON_BUN)
+        override fun getPermission(): String = Manifest.permission.ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK
    };

    /** Return the actual Android permission string */
    abstract fun getPermission(): String

-    /** Return a human-readable label for the permission */
-    fun getLabel(): String {
+    /** Return the string resource for the human-readable permission label. */
+    @StringRes
+    fun getLabelRes(): Int {
        return when (this) {
-            CAMERA -> "Camera"
-            READ_STORAGE -> "Storage"
-            POST_NOTIFICATIONS -> "Notification"
+            CAMERA -> R.string.permission_camera
+            POST_NOTIFICATIONS -> R.string.permission_notification
+            ACCESS_LOCAL_NETWORK -> R.string.permission_local_network
        }
    }
 }
@@ -5,18 +5,5 @@ enum class RoutingType(val fileName: String) {
    BLACK("custom_routing_black"),
    GLOBAL("custom_routing_global"),
    WHITE_IRAN("custom_routing_white_iran"),
-    WHITE_RUSSIA("custom_routing_white_russia");
-
-    companion object {
-        fun fromIndex(index: Int): RoutingType {
-            return when (index) {
-                0 -> WHITE
-                1 -> BLACK
-                2 -> GLOBAL
-                3 -> WHITE_IRAN
-                4 -> WHITE_RUSSIA
-                else -> WHITE
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    WHITE_RUSSIA("custom_routing_white_russia")
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.extension
+
+/**
+ * Moves an item to another index while preserving the relative order of the remaining items.
+ */
+internal fun <T> MutableList<T>.moveItem(fromIndex: Int, toIndex: Int): Boolean {
+    if (fromIndex !in indices || toIndex !in indices || fromIndex == toIndex) return false
+    add(toIndex, removeAt(fromIndex))
+    return true
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.extension
+
+/**
+ * Removes all whitespace from the string.
+ *
+ * @return The string without whitespace.
+ */
+fun String?.removeWhiteSpace(): String? = this?.replace(" ", "")
+
+/**
+ * Returns null if the string is null or blank, otherwise returns the string itself.
+ *
+ * @return The string or null.
+ */
+fun String?.nullIfBlank(): String? = this?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+
+/**
+ * Converts the string to a Long value, or returns 0 if the conversion fails.
+ *
+ * @return The Long value.
+ */
+fun String.toLongEx(): Long = toLongOrNull() ?: 0
+
+/**
+ * Checks if the CharSequence is not null and not empty.
+ *
+ * @return True if the CharSequence is not null and not empty, false otherwise.
+ */
+fun CharSequence?.isNotNullEmpty(): Boolean = !this.isNullOrBlank()
+
+fun String.concatUrl(vararg paths: String): String {
+    val builder = StringBuilder(this.trimEnd('/'))
+
+    paths.forEach { path ->
+        val trimmedPath = path.trim('/')
+        if (trimmedPath.isNotEmpty()) {
+            builder.append('/').append(trimmedPath)
+        }
+    }
+
+    return builder.toString()
+}
+
+/**
+ * Helper function to match text either by Regex or literal string.
+ */
+fun String.matchesPattern(regex: Regex?, keyword: String?, ignoreCase: Boolean = true): Boolean {
+    if (keyword.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+        return true
+    }
+    return regex?.containsMatchIn(this)
+        ?: this.contains(keyword, ignoreCase = ignoreCase)
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.extension
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.os.Handler
+import android.os.Looper
+import android.widget.Toast
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.compose.AppSnackbarManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.compose.ToastType
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
+ *
+ * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toast(message: Int) {
+    val text = getString(message)
+    dispatchMessage(text, ToastType.NORMAL) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given text.
+ *
+ * @param message The text of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toast(message: CharSequence) {
+    dispatchMessage(message, ToastType.NORMAL) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
+ *
+ * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastSuccess(message: Int) {
+    val text = getString(message)
+    dispatchMessage(text, ToastType.SUCCESS) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given text.
+ *
+ * @param message The text of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastSuccess(message: CharSequence) {
+    dispatchMessage(message, ToastType.SUCCESS) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
+ *
+ * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastError(message: Int) {
+    val text = getString(message)
+    dispatchMessage(text, ToastType.ERROR) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows a toast message with the given text.
+ *
+ * @param message The text of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastError(message: CharSequence) {
+    dispatchMessage(message, ToastType.ERROR) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows an info toast message with the given resource ID.
+ *
+ * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastInfo(message: Int) {
+    val text = getString(message)
+    dispatchMessage(text, ToastType.INFO) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, text, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Shows an info toast message with the given text.
+ *
+ * @param message The text of the message to show.
+ */
+fun Context.toastInfo(message: CharSequence) {
+    dispatchMessage(message, ToastType.INFO) {
+        Toast.makeText(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+    }
+}
+
+private inline fun runOnMain(crossinline block: () -> Unit) {
+    if (Looper.myLooper() == Looper.getMainLooper()) {
+        block()
+    } else {
+        Handler(Looper.getMainLooper()).post { block() }
+    }
+}
+
+private inline fun dispatchMessage(
+    message: CharSequence,
+    type: ToastType,
+    long: Boolean = false,
+    crossinline fallback: () -> Unit
+) {
+    val handledBySnackbar = AppSnackbarManager.show(
+        message = message,
+        type = type,
+        long = long
+    )
+    if (!handledBySnackbar) {
+        runOnMain { fallback() }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,75 +1,13 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.extension

-import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
-import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
-import android.content.IntentFilter
 import android.os.Build
 import android.os.Bundle
-import android.widget.Toast
-import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
-import es.dmoral.toasty.Toasty
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import java.io.Serializable
 import java.net.URI
 import java.util.Locale

-val Context.v2RayApplication: AngApplication?
-    get() = applicationContext as? AngApplication
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
- *
- * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toast(message: Int) {
-    Toasty.normal(this, message).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given text.
- *
- * @param message The text of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toast(message: CharSequence) {
-    Toasty.normal(this, message).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
- *
- * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toastSuccess(message: Int) {
-    Toasty.success(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given text.
- *
- * @param message The text of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toastSuccess(message: CharSequence) {
-    Toasty.success(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given resource ID.
- *
- * @param message The resource ID of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toastError(message: Int) {
-    Toasty.error(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
-}
-
-/**
- * Shows a toast message with the given text.
- *
- * @param message The text of the message to show.
- */
-fun Context.toastError(message: CharSequence) {
-    Toasty.error(this, message, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT, true).show()
-}
-
 const val THRESHOLD = 1000L
 const val DIVISOR = 1024.0

@@ -99,56 +37,6 @@ fun Long.toTrafficString(): String {
 val URI.idnHost: String
    get() = host?.replace("[", "")?.replace("]", "").orEmpty()

-/**
- * Removes all whitespace from the string.
- *
- * @return The string without whitespace.
- */
-fun String?.removeWhiteSpace(): String? = this?.replace(" ", "")
-
-/**
- * Returns null if the string is null or blank, otherwise returns the string itself.
- *
- * @return The string or null.
- */
-fun String?.nullIfBlank(): String? = this?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
-
-/**
- * Converts the string to a Long value, or returns 0 if the conversion fails.
- *
- * @return The Long value.
- */
-fun String.toLongEx(): Long = toLongOrNull() ?: 0
-
-/**
- * Listens for package changes and executes a callback when a change occurs.
- *
- * @param onetime Whether to unregister the receiver after the first callback.
- * @param callback The callback to execute when a package change occurs.
- * @return The BroadcastReceiver that was registered.
- */
-fun Context.listenForPackageChanges(onetime: Boolean = true, callback: () -> Unit) =
-    object : BroadcastReceiver() {
-        override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
-            callback()
-            if (onetime) context.unregisterReceiver(this)
-        }
-    }.apply {
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.TIRAMISU) {
-            registerReceiver(this, IntentFilter().apply {
-                addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED)
-                addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED)
-                addDataScheme("package")
-            }, Context.RECEIVER_EXPORTED)
-        } else {
-            registerReceiver(this, IntentFilter().apply {
-                addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED)
-                addAction(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_REMOVED)
-                addDataScheme("package")
-            })
-        }
-    }
-
 /**
 * Retrieves a serializable object from the Bundle.
 *
@@ -172,32 +60,19 @@ inline fun <reified T : Serializable> Intent.serializable(key: String): T? = whe
 }

 /**
- * Checks if the CharSequence is not null and not empty.
+ * Checks if the config type is a group type (PolicyGroup or ProxyChain).
 *
- * @return True if the CharSequence is not null and not empty, false otherwise.
+ * @return True if the config type is PolicyGroup or ProxyChain, false otherwise.
 */
-fun CharSequence?.isNotNullEmpty(): Boolean = !this.isNullOrBlank()
-
-fun String.concatUrl(vararg paths: String): String {
-    val builder = StringBuilder(this.trimEnd('/'))
-
-    paths.forEach { path ->
-        val trimmedPath = path.trim('/')
-        if (trimmedPath.isNotEmpty()) {
-            builder.append('/').append(trimmedPath)
-        }
-    }
-
-    return builder.toString()
+fun EConfigType.isGroupType(): Boolean {
+    return this == EConfigType.POLICYGROUP || this == EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN
 }

 /**
- * Helper function to match text either by Regex or literal string.
+ * Checks if the config type is a complex type (Custom, PolicyGroup, or ProxyChain).
+ *
+ * @return True if the config type is Custom, PolicyGroup, or ProxyChain, false otherwise.
 */
-fun String.matchesPattern(regex: Regex?, keyword: String?, ignoreCase: Boolean = true): Boolean {
-    if (keyword.isNullOrEmpty()) {
-        return true
-    }
-    return regex?.containsMatchIn(this)
-        ?: this.contains(keyword, ignoreCase = ignoreCase)
-}
+fun EConfigType.isComplexType(): Boolean {
+    return this == EConfigType.CUSTOM || this == EConfigType.POLICYGROUP || this == EConfigType.PROXYCHAIN
+}
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ object CustomFmt : FmtBase() {

        config.remarks = fullConfig?.remarks ?: System.currentTimeMillis().toString()
        config.server = outbound?.getServerAddress()
-        config.serverPort = outbound?.getServerPort().toString()
+        config.serverPort = outbound?.getServerPort()?.toString()

        return config
    }
@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI
@@ -51,15 +50,16 @@ open class FmtBase {
     *
     * @param config the ProfileItem object to populate
     * @param queryParam the query parameters to use for populating the ProfileItem
-     * @param allowInsecure whether to allow insecure connections
     */
-    fun getItemFormQuery(config: ProfileItem, queryParam: Map<String, String>, allowInsecure: Boolean) {
+    fun getItemFormQuery(config: ProfileItem, queryParam: Map<String, String>) {
        config.network = queryParam["type"] ?: NetworkType.TCP.type
        config.headerType = queryParam["headerType"]
        config.host = queryParam["host"]
        config.path = queryParam["path"]

        config.seed = queryParam["seed"]
+        config.kcpMtu = queryParam["mtu"]?.toIntOrNull()
+        config.kcpTti = queryParam["tti"]?.toIntOrNull()
        config.quicSecurity = queryParam["quicSecurity"]
        config.quicKey = queryParam["key"]
        config.mode = queryParam["mode"]
@@ -78,12 +78,13 @@ open class FmtBase {
        config.insecure = when {
            allowInsecureKeys.any { queryParam[it] == "1" } -> true
            allowInsecureKeys.any { queryParam[it] == "0" } -> false
-            else -> allowInsecure
+            else -> false
        }
        config.sni = queryParam["sni"]
        config.fingerPrint = queryParam["fp"]
        config.alpn = queryParam["alpn"]
        config.echConfigList = queryParam["ech"]
+        config.verifyPeerCertByName = queryParam["vcn"]
        config.pinnedCA256 = queryParam["pcs"]
        config.publicKey = queryParam["pbk"]
        config.shortId = queryParam["sid"]
@@ -104,6 +105,7 @@ open class FmtBase {
        config.sni?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["sni"] = it }
        config.alpn?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["alpn"] = it }
        config.echConfigList?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["ech"] = it }
+        config.verifyPeerCertByName?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["vcn"] = it }
        config.pinnedCA256?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["pcs"] = it }
        config.fingerPrint?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["fp"] = it }
        config.publicKey?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["pbk"] = it }
@@ -112,6 +114,8 @@ open class FmtBase {
        config.mldsa65Verify?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["pqv"] = it }
        config.flow?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["flow"] = it }
        config.finalMask?.nullIfBlank()?.let { dicQuery["fm"] = it }
+        config.kcpMtu?.let { dicQuery["mtu"] = it.toString() }
+        config.kcpTti?.let { dicQuery["tti"] = it.toString() }
        // Add two keys for compatibility: "insecure" and "allowInsecure"
        if (config.security == AppConfig.TLS) {
            val insecureFlag = if (config.insecure == true) "1" else "0"
@@ -168,21 +172,4 @@ open class FmtBase {

        return dicQuery
    }
-
-    fun getServerAddress(profileItem: ProfileItem): String {
-        if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(profileItem.server.orEmpty())) {
-            return profileItem.server.orEmpty()
-        }
-
-        val domain = HttpUtil.toIdnDomain(profileItem.server.orEmpty())
-        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_OUTBOUND_DOMAIN_RESOLVE_METHOD, "1") != "2") {
-            return domain
-        }
-        //Resolve and replace domain
-        val resolvedIps = HttpUtil.resolveHostToIP(domain, MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6))
-        if (resolvedIps.isNullOrEmpty()) {
-            return domain
-        }
-        return resolvedIps.first()
-    }
 }
@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.fmt
-
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
-import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
-import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
-
-object HttpFmt : FmtBase() {
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HTTP)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-                val socksUsersBean = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean.SocksUsersBean()
-                socksUsersBean.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
-                socksUsersBean.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-                server.users = listOf(socksUsersBean)
-            }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
-}
@@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -21,7 +18,6 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem {
-        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
@@ -35,14 +31,11 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
        if (!uri.rawQuery.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            val queryParam = getQueryParam(uri)

-            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)
+            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam)

            config.security = queryParam["security"] ?: AppConfig.TLS
            config.obfsPassword = queryParam["obfs-password"]
            config.portHopping = queryParam["mport"]
-            if (config.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-                config.portHoppingInterval = queryParam["mportHopInt"]
-            }
            config.pinnedCA256 = queryParam["pinSHA256"]

        }
@@ -71,71 +64,10 @@ object Hysteria2Fmt : FmtBase() {
        if (config.portHopping.isNotNullEmpty()) {
            dicQuery["mport"] = config.portHopping.orEmpty()
        }
-        if (config.portHoppingInterval.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-            val rawInterval = config.portHoppingInterval?.trim().nullIfBlank()
-            val interval = if (rawInterval == null) {
-                null
-            } else {
-                val singleValue = rawInterval.toIntOrNull()
-                if (singleValue != null) {
-                    if (singleValue < 5) {
-                        null
-                    } else {
-                        rawInterval
-                    }
-                } else {
-                    val parts = rawInterval.split('-')
-                    if (parts.size == 2) {
-                        val start = parts[0].trim().toIntOrNull()
-                        val end = parts[1].trim().toIntOrNull()
-                        if (start != null && end != null) {
-                            val minStart = maxOf(5, start)
-                            val minEnd = maxOf(minStart, end)
-                            (minStart + minEnd) / 2
-                        } else {
-                            null
-                        }
-                    } else {
-                        null
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            if (interval != null) {
-                dicQuery["mportHopInt"] = interval.toString()
-            }
-        }
        if (config.pinnedCA256.isNotNullEmpty()) {
            dicQuery["pinSHA256"] = config.pinnedCA256.orEmpty()
        }

        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) ?: return null
-        profileItem.network = NetworkType.HYSTERIA.type
-        profileItem.alpn = "h3"
-
-        outboundBean.settings?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            server.version = 2
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI
@@ -124,31 +122,4 @@ object ShadowsocksFmt : FmtBase() {

        return toUri(config, Utils.encode(pw, true), null)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            server.password = profileItem.password
-            server.method = profileItem.method
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,11 +1,9 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -28,7 +26,11 @@ object SocksFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()

        if (uri.userInfo?.isEmpty() == false) {
-            val result = Utils.decode(uri.userInfo).split(":", limit = 2)
+            val result = if (uri.userInfo.contains(":")) {
+                uri.userInfo.split(":", limit = 2)
+            } else {
+                Utils.decode(uri.userInfo).split(":", limit = 2)
+            }
            if (result.count() == 2) {
                config.username = result.first()
                config.password = result.last()
@@ -53,27 +55,4 @@ object SocksFmt : FmtBase() {

        return toUri(config, Utils.encode(pw, true), null)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.SOCKS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            if (profileItem.username.isNotNullEmpty()) {
-                val socksUsersBean = OutboundBean.OutSettingsBean.ServersBean.SocksUsersBean()
-                socksUsersBean.user = profileItem.username.orEmpty()
-                socksUsersBean.pass = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-                server.users = listOf(socksUsersBean)
-            }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -1,13 +1,10 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -19,7 +16,6 @@ object TrojanFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem {
-        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.TROJAN)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
@@ -31,11 +27,11 @@ object TrojanFmt : FmtBase() {
        if (uri.rawQuery.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            config.network = NetworkType.TCP.type
            config.security = AppConfig.TLS
-            config.insecure = allowInsecure
+            config.insecure = false
        } else {
            val queryParam = getQueryParam(uri)

-            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)
+            getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam)
            config.security = queryParam["security"] ?: AppConfig.TLS
        }

@@ -53,31 +49,4 @@ object TrojanFmt : FmtBase() {

        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }
-
-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.TROJAN)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.servers?.first()?.let { server ->
-            server.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            server.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            server.password = profileItem.password
-            server.flow = profileItem.flow
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.fmt
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayNShareItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+
+object V2rayNFmt : FmtBase() {
+    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem? {
+        try {
+            val jsonBase64Payload = str.substringAfterLast('/')
+            val jsonPayload = Utils.decode(jsonBase64Payload)
+            val v2rayNShareItem = JsonUtil.fromJson(jsonPayload, V2rayNShareItem::class.java)
+            return v2rayNShareItem?.toProfileItem()
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse V2rayN format", e)
+        }
+        return null
+    }
+}
@@ -1,12 +1,8 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -19,7 +15,6 @@ object VlessFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
    fun parse(str: String): ProfileItem? {
-        var allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.VLESS)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
@@ -32,7 +27,7 @@ object VlessFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.password = uri.userInfo
        config.method = queryParam["encryption"] ?: "none"

-        getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)
+        getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam)

        return config
    }
@@ -50,31 +45,4 @@ object VlessFmt : FmtBase() {
        return toUri(config, config.password, dicQuery)
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VLESS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.let { vnext ->
-            vnext.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            vnext.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            vnext.users[0].id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-            vnext.users[0].encryption = profileItem.method
-            vnext.users[0].flow = profileItem.flow
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }
 }
@@ -2,15 +2,12 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import android.text.TextUtils
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.VmessQRCode
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NetworkType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
@@ -28,7 +25,6 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
            return parseVmessStd(str)
        }

-        val allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.VMESS)

        var result = str.replace(EConfigType.VMESS.protocolScheme, "")
@@ -89,8 +85,11 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.insecure = when (vmessQRCode.insecure) {
            "1" -> true
            "0" -> false
-            else -> allowInsecure
+            else -> false
        }
+        config.verifyPeerCertByName = vmessQRCode.vcn
+        config.pinnedCA256 = vmessQRCode.pcs
+
        return config
    }

@@ -144,6 +143,8 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
            false -> "0"
            else -> ""
        }
+        vmessQRCode.vcn = config.verifyPeerCertByName.orEmpty()
+        vmessQRCode.pcs = config.pinnedCA256.orEmpty()

        val json = JsonUtil.toJson(vmessQRCode)
        return Utils.encode(json)
@@ -156,7 +157,6 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
     * @return the parsed ProfileItem object, or null if parsing fails
     */
    fun parseVmessStd(str: String): ProfileItem? {
-        val allowInsecure = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ALLOW_INSECURE, false)
        val config = ProfileItem.create(EConfigType.VMESS)

        val uri = URI(Utils.fixIllegalUrl(str))
@@ -169,36 +169,10 @@ object VmessFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.password = uri.userInfo
        config.method = AppConfig.DEFAULT_SECURITY

-        getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam, allowInsecure)
+        getItemFormQuery(config, queryParam)

        return config
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.VMESS)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.vnext?.first()?.let { vnext ->
-            vnext.address = getServerAddress(profileItem)
-            vnext.port = profileItem.serverPort.orEmpty().toInt()
-            vnext.users[0].id = profileItem.password.orEmpty()
-            vnext.users[0].security = profileItem.method
-        }
-
-        val sni = outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTransportSettings(it, profileItem)
-        }
-
-        outboundBean?.streamSettings?.let {
-            V2rayConfigManager.populateTlsSettings(it, profileItem, sni)
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }

 }
@@ -1,14 +1,11 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.fmt

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig.OutboundBean
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.idnHost
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.nullIfBlank
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.removeWhiteSpace
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2rayConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.net.URI

@@ -31,7 +28,7 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {
        config.serverPort = uri.port.toString()

        config.secretKey = uri.userInfo.orEmpty()
-        config.localAddress = queryParam["address"] ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
+        config.localAddress = queryParam["address"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
        config.publicKey = queryParam["publickey"].orEmpty()
        config.preSharedKey = queryParam["presharedkey"]?.nullIfBlank()
        config.mtu = Utils.parseInt(queryParam["mtu"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_MTU)
@@ -82,7 +79,7 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {

        config.secretKey = interfaceParams["privatekey"].orEmpty()
        config.remarks = System.currentTimeMillis().toString()
-        config.localAddress = interfaceParams["address"] ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
+        config.localAddress = interfaceParams["address"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4
        config.mtu = Utils.parseInt(interfaceParams["mtu"] ?: AppConfig.WIREGUARD_LOCAL_MTU)
        config.publicKey = peerParams["publickey"].orEmpty()
        config.preSharedKey = peerParams["presharedkey"]?.nullIfBlank()
@@ -100,29 +97,6 @@ object WireguardFmt : FmtBase() {
        return config
    }

-    /**
-     * Converts a ProfileItem object to an OutboundBean object.
-     *
-     * @param profileItem the ProfileItem object to convert
-     * @return the converted OutboundBean object, or null if conversion fails
-     */
-    fun toOutbound(profileItem: ProfileItem): OutboundBean? {
-        val outboundBean = V2rayConfigManager.createInitOutbound(EConfigType.WIREGUARD)
-
-        outboundBean?.settings?.let { wireguard ->
-            wireguard.secretKey = profileItem.secretKey
-            wireguard.address = (profileItem.localAddress ?: WIREGUARD_LOCAL_ADDRESS_V4).split(",")
-            wireguard.peers?.firstOrNull()?.let { peer ->
-                peer.publicKey = profileItem.publicKey.orEmpty()
-                peer.preSharedKey = profileItem.preSharedKey?.nullIfBlank()
-                peer.endpoint = Utils.getIpv6Address(profileItem.server) + ":${profileItem.serverPort}"
-            }
-            wireguard.mtu = profileItem.mtu
-            wireguard.reserved = profileItem.reserved?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }?.split(",")?.filter { it.isNotBlank() }?.map { it.trim().toInt() }
-        }
-
-        return outboundBean
-    }

    /**
     * Converts a ProfileItem object to a URI string.
@@ -4,12 +4,13 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.graphics.Bitmap
 import android.text.TextUtils
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.HY2
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionCache
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreConfigManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionUpdateResult
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.UrlContentRequest
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionCache
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.isNotNullEmpty
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.CustomFmt
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.Hysteria2Fmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.ShadowsocksFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.SocksFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.TrojanFmt
+import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.V2rayNFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.VlessFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.VmessFmt
 import com.v2ray.ang.fmt.WireguardFmt
@@ -29,6 +31,22 @@ import java.net.URI

 object AngConfigManager {

+    // Parser mapping for different config types (lazy initialized)
+    private val configFmtParsers: Map<String, (String) -> ProfileItem?> by lazy {
+        mapOf(
+            EConfigType.VMESS.protocolScheme to VmessFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.protocolScheme to ShadowsocksFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.SOCKS.protocolScheme to SocksFmt::parse,
+            AppConfig.SOCKS4 to SocksFmt::parse,
+            AppConfig.SOCKS5 to SocksFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.TROJAN.protocolScheme to TrojanFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.VLESS.protocolScheme to VlessFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.WIREGUARD.protocolScheme to WireguardFmt::parse,
+            EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.protocolScheme to Hysteria2Fmt::parse,
+            AppConfig.HY2 to Hysteria2Fmt::parse,
+            AppConfig.V2RAYNFMTS to V2rayNFmt::parse
+        )
+    }

    /**
     * Shares the configuration to the clipboard.
@@ -111,7 +129,7 @@ object AngConfigManager {
    fun shareFullContent2Clipboard(context: Context, guid: String?): Int {
        try {
            if (guid == null) return -1
-            val result = V2rayConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
+            val result = CoreConfigManager.getV2rayConfig(context, guid)
            if (result.status) {
                Utils.setClipboard(context, result.content)
            } else {
@@ -136,15 +154,12 @@ object AngConfigManager {

            return config.configType.protocolScheme + when (config.configType) {
                EConfigType.VMESS -> VmessFmt.toUri(config)
-                EConfigType.CUSTOM -> ""
                EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS -> ShadowsocksFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.SOCKS -> SocksFmt.toUri(config)
-                EConfigType.HTTP -> ""
                EConfigType.VLESS -> VlessFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.TROJAN -> TrojanFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.WIREGUARD -> WireguardFmt.toUri(config)
                EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 -> Hysteria2Fmt.toUri(config)
-                EConfigType.POLICYGROUP -> ""
                else -> {}
            }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
@@ -221,15 +236,8 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            if (servers == null) {
                return 0
            }
-            //  Find the currently selected server that matches the subscription ID
-            val removedSelected = if (subid.isNotBlank() && !append) {
-                MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
-                    .takeIf { it?.isNotBlank() == true }
-                    ?.let { MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(it) }
-                    ?.takeIf { it.subscriptionId == subid }
-            } else {
-                null
-            }
+            // Find the currently selected server that belongs to the same subscription before replacement.
+            val removedSelected = getRemovedSelectedProfile(subid, append)

            val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subid)

@@ -275,7 +283,6 @@ object AngConfigManager {

        // Read serverList once
        val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeServerList(subid)
-        var needSetSelected = MmkvManager.getSelectServer().isNullOrBlank()

        configs.forEach { config ->
            val key = Utils.getUuid()
@@ -284,10 +291,6 @@ object AngConfigManager {

            if (!serverList.contains(key)) {
                serverList.add(0, key)
-                if (needSetSelected) {
-                    MmkvManager.setSelectServer(key)
-                    needSetSelected = false
-                }
            }
            keyToProfile[key] = config
        }
@@ -310,7 +313,18 @@ object AngConfigManager {
     * @return Matched key or null
     */
    private fun findMatchedProfileKey(keyToProfile: Map<String, ProfileItem>, target: ProfileItem?): String? {
-        if (keyToProfile.isEmpty() || target == null) return null
+        if (keyToProfile.isEmpty()) return null
+        if (target == null) return null
+
+        // Level 0: Full match (remarks + server + port + password)
+        if (target.remarks.isNotBlank()) {
+            keyToProfile.entries.firstOrNull { (_, saved) ->
+                isSameText(saved.remarks, target.remarks) &&
+                        isSameText(saved.server, target.server) &&
+                        isSameText(saved.serverPort, target.serverPort) &&
+                        isSameText(saved.password, target.password)
+            }?.key?.let { return it }
+        }

        // Level 1: Match by remarks
        if (target.remarks.isNotBlank()) {
@@ -337,7 +351,20 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            isSameText(saved.server, target.server)
        }?.key?.let { return it }

-        return null
+        // If old selected node cannot be matched, fall back to the first imported config.
+        return keyToProfile.keys.firstOrNull()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Returns the currently selected profile if it belongs to the target subscription and will be replaced.
+     */
+    private fun getRemovedSelectedProfile(subid: String, append: Boolean): ProfileItem? {
+        if (subid.isBlank() || append) return null
+
+        return MmkvManager.getSelectServer()
+            .takeIf { it?.isNotBlank() == true }
+            ?.let { MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig(it) }
+            ?.takeIf { it.subscriptionId == subid }
    }

    /**
@@ -373,18 +400,25 @@ object AngConfigManager {
                    JsonUtil.fromJson(server, Array<Any>::class.java) ?: arrayOf()

                if (serverList.isNotEmpty()) {
+                    val removedSelected = getRemovedSelectedProfile(subid, append)
                    if (!append) {
                        MmkvManager.removeServerViaSubid(subid)
                    }
                    var count = 0
+                    val keyToProfile = mutableMapOf<String, ProfileItem>()
                    for (srv in serverList.reversed()) {
                        val config = CustomFmt.parse(JsonUtil.toJson(srv)) ?: continue
                        config.subscriptionId = subid
                        config.description = generateDescription(config)
                        val key = MmkvManager.encodeServerConfig("", config)
                        MmkvManager.encodeServerRaw(key, JsonUtil.toJsonPretty(srv) ?: "")
+                        keyToProfile[key] = config
                        count += 1
                    }
+                    if (count > 0) {
+                        val matchKey = findMatchedProfileKey(keyToProfile, removedSelected)
+                        matchKey?.let { MmkvManager.setSelectServer(it) }
+                    }
                    return count
                }
            } catch (e: Exception) {
@@ -444,22 +478,8 @@ object AngConfigManager {
                return null
            }

-            val config = if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.VMESS.protocolScheme)) {
-                VmessFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.SHADOWSOCKS.protocolScheme)) {
-                ShadowsocksFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.SOCKS.protocolScheme)) {
-                SocksFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.TROJAN.protocolScheme)) {
-                TrojanFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.VLESS.protocolScheme)) {
-                VlessFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.WIREGUARD.protocolScheme)) {
-                WireguardFmt.parse(str)
-            } else if (str.startsWith(EConfigType.HYSTERIA2.protocolScheme) || str.startsWith(HY2)) {
-                Hysteria2Fmt.parse(str)
-            } else {
-                null
+            val config = configFmtParsers.firstNotNullOfOrNull { (scheme, parser) ->
+                if (str.startsWith(scheme)) parser(str) else null
            }

            if (config == null) {
@@ -476,6 +496,12 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            config.subscriptionId = subid
            config.description = generateDescription(config)

+            if (str.startsWith(AppConfig.V2RAYNFMTS, ignoreCase = true)
+                && config.policyGroupSubscriptionId == "self"
+            ) {
+                config.policyGroupSubscriptionId = subid
+            }
+
            return config
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to parse config", e)
@@ -532,19 +558,36 @@ object AngConfigManager {
            }
            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, url)
            val userAgent = it.subscription.userAgent
+            val requestHeaders = it.subscription.requestHeaders
            val proxyUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
            val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()

            var configText = try {
                val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-                HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(url, userAgent, 15000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword)
+                HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(
+                    UrlContentRequest(
+                        url = url,
+                        userAgent = userAgent,
+                        requestHeaders = requestHeaders,
+                        timeout = 15000,
+                        httpPort = httpPort,
+                        proxyUsername = proxyUsername,
+                        proxyPassword = proxyPassword
+                    )
+                )
            } catch (e: Exception) {
                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE, "Update subscription: proxy not ready or other error", e)
                ""
            }
            if (configText.isEmpty()) {
                configText = try {
-                    HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(url, userAgent)
+                    HttpUtil.getUrlContentWithUserAgent(
+                        UrlContentRequest(
+                            url = url,
+                            userAgent = userAgent,
+                            requestHeaders = requestHeaders
+                        )
+                    )
                } catch (e: Exception) {
                    LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Update subscription: Failed to get URL content with user agent", e)
                    ""
@@ -573,6 +616,41 @@ object AngConfigManager {
        }
    }

+    /**
+     * Removes invalid server configurations for a subscription.
+     *
+     * @param subId The subscription ID.
+     */
+    fun removeInvalidServer(subId: String) {
+        val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeServerList(subId)
+        val invalidServers = serverList.filter {
+            val aff = MmkvManager.decodeServerAffiliationInfo(it)
+            aff != null && aff.testDelayMillis < 0L
+        }
+        MmkvManager.removeServers(invalidServers, subId)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sorts servers by test results for a subscription.
+     *
+     * @param subId The subscription ID.
+     */
+    fun sortByTestResultsForSub(subId: String) {
+        val serverList = MmkvManager.decodeServerList(subId)
+        if (serverList.isEmpty()) return
+
+        val sorted = serverList
+            .map { guid ->
+                val delay =
+                    MmkvManager.decodeServerAffiliationInfo(guid)?.testDelayMillis ?: 0L
+                guid to if (delay <= 0L) Long.MAX_VALUE else delay
+            }
+            .sortedBy { it.second }
+            .map { it.first }
+            .toMutableList()
+        MmkvManager.encodeServerList(sorted, subId)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Parses the configuration via a subscription.
     *
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.handler
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CertSha256Request
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CertSha256Result
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+import libv2ray.Libv2ray
+
+object CertificateFingerprintManager {
+    private const val TIMEOUT_MS = 5000L
+
+    fun fetchForManualFill(profile: ProfileItem): String? {
+        val request = buildRequest(profile) ?: return null
+        val result = if (profile.configType == EConfigType.HYSTERIA2) {
+            fetch("quic", request) { Libv2ray.fetchQuicCertSha256(it) }
+        } else {
+            fetch("tls", request) { Libv2ray.fetchTlsCertSha256(it) }
+        }
+
+        return result
+            ?.takeIf { it.error.isBlank() }
+            ?.sha256
+            ?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+    }
+
+    private fun buildRequest(profile: ProfileItem): CertSha256Request? {
+        if (!isFetchable(profile)) return null
+
+        val server = profile.server?.trim()?.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() } ?: return null
+        val port = profile.serverPort?.toIntOrNull()?.takeIf { it > 0 } ?: AppConfig.DEFAULT_PORT
+
+        return CertSha256Request(
+            address = resolveDialAddress(server),
+            port = port,
+            serverName = inferServerName(profile),
+            timeoutMs = TIMEOUT_MS,
+        )
+    }
+
+    private fun isFetchable(profile: ProfileItem): Boolean {
+        return profile.configType == EConfigType.HYSTERIA2 || profile.security == AppConfig.TLS
+    }
+
+    private fun fetch(
+        type: String,
+        request: CertSha256Request,
+        fetcher: (String) -> String,
+    ): CertSha256Result? {
+        return try {
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(fetcher(JsonUtil.toJson(request)), CertSha256Result::class.java)
+        } catch (e: UnsatisfiedLinkError) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Fetch $type cert SHA-256 API missing in libv2ray", e)
+            null
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Fetch $type cert SHA-256 failed", e)
+            null
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun resolveDialAddress(server: String): String {
+        if (Utils.isPureIpAddress(server) || !Utils.isDomainName(server)) return server
+
+        val preferIpv6 = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PREFER_IPV6, false)
+        return HttpUtil.resolveHostToIP(server, preferIpv6)
+            ?.firstOrNull()
+            ?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+            ?: server
+    }
+
+    private fun inferServerName(profile: ProfileItem): String? {
+        val sni = profile.sni?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+        return sni?.takeUnless { Utils.isPureIpAddress(it) }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,19 +1,28 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

+import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
+import androidx.compose.runtime.LaunchedEffect
+import androidx.compose.runtime.MutableState
+import androidx.compose.runtime.mutableStateOf
+import androidx.compose.runtime.remember
+import androidx.compose.runtime.snapshotFlow
 import com.tencent.mmkv.MMKV
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PREF_IS_BOOTED
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.PREF_ROUTING_RULESET
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.AssetUrlCache
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.AssetUrlItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RulesetItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ServerAffiliationInfo
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionCache
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.WebDavConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.AssetUrlCache
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.AssetUrlItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.RulesetItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ServerAffiliationInfo
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionCache
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.WebDavConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.collectLatest
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.distinctUntilChanged
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.drop

 object MmkvManager {

@@ -102,7 +111,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            mutableListOf()
        } else {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
        }
    }

@@ -144,7 +153,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            return null
        }
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, ProfileItem::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, ProfileItem::class.java)
    }


@@ -233,6 +242,31 @@ object MmkvManager {
        encodeServerList(serverList, subId)
    }

+    /**
+     * Removes multiple server configurations from a subscription.
+     *
+     * @param guids The list of server GUIDs.
+     * @param subscriptionId The subscription ID.
+     */
+    fun removeServers(guids: List<String>, subscriptionId: String) {
+        if (guids.isEmpty()) return
+        val subId = getSubscriptionId(subscriptionId)
+        val serverList = decodeServerList(subId)
+        if (serverList.removeAll(guids)) {
+            encodeServerList(serverList, subId)
+        }
+
+        val selectedServer = getSelectServer()
+        guids.forEach { guid ->
+            if (selectedServer == guid) {
+                mainStorage.remove(KEY_SELECTED_SERVER)
+            }
+            profileFullStorage.remove(guid)
+            serverAffStorage.remove(guid)
+            serverRawStorage.remove(guid)
+        }
+    }
+
    /**
     * Decodes the server affiliation information.
     *
@@ -247,7 +281,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            return null
        }
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, ServerAffiliationInfo::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, ServerAffiliationInfo::class.java)
    }

    /**
@@ -286,9 +320,13 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun removeAllServer(): Int {
        val count = profileFullStorage.allKeys()?.count() ?: 0
-        mainStorage.clearAll()
        profileFullStorage.clearAll()
        serverAffStorage.clearAll()
+        serverRawStorage.clearAll()
+
+        decodeSubscriptions().forEach { sub ->
+            encodeServerList(mutableListOf(), sub.guid)
+        }
        return count
    }

@@ -374,7 +412,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        decodeSubsList().forEach { key ->
            val json = subStorage.decodeString(key)
            if (!json.isNullOrBlank()) {
-                val item = JsonUtil.fromJson(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java) ?: SubscriptionItem()
+                val item = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java) ?: SubscriptionItem()
                subscriptions.add(SubscriptionCache(key, item))
            }
        }
@@ -420,7 +458,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun decodeSubscription(subscriptionId: String): SubscriptionItem? {
        val json = subStorage.decodeString(subscriptionId) ?: return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, SubscriptionItem::class.java)
    }

    /**
@@ -442,7 +480,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return if (json.isNullOrBlank()) {
            mutableListOf()
        } else {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, Array<String>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
        }
    }

@@ -460,7 +498,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        assetStorage.allKeys()?.forEach { key ->
            val json = assetStorage.decodeString(key)
            if (!json.isNullOrBlank()) {
-                val item = JsonUtil.fromJson(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java) ?: AssetUrlItem()
+                val item = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java) ?: AssetUrlItem()
                assetUrlItems.add(AssetUrlCache(key, item))
            }
        }
@@ -495,7 +533,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun decodeAsset(assetid: String): AssetUrlItem? {
        val json = assetStorage.decodeString(assetid) ?: return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, AssetUrlItem::class.java)
    }

    //endregion
@@ -510,7 +548,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
    fun decodeRoutingRulesets(): MutableList<RulesetItem>? {
        val ruleset = settingsStorage.decodeString(PREF_ROUTING_RULESET)
        if (ruleset.isNullOrEmpty()) return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(ruleset, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(ruleset, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList() ?: mutableListOf()
    }

    /**
@@ -679,6 +717,7 @@ object MmkvManager {
        return settingsStorage.decodeStringSet(key)
    }

+
    /**
     * Encodes the start on boot setting.
     *
@@ -713,7 +752,59 @@ object MmkvManager {
     */
    fun decodeWebDavConfig(): WebDavConfig? {
        val json = mainStorage.decodeString(KEY_WEBDAV_CONFIG) ?: return null
-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(json, WebDavConfig::class.java)
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(json, WebDavConfig::class.java)
+    }
+
+    //endregion
+
+    //region Compose helpers for Settings
+
+    /**
+     * MMKV-backed String state, auto-persists and notifies on change.
+     */
+    @Composable
+    fun rememberMmkvString(
+        key: String,
+        default: String = ""
+    ): MutableState<String> {
+        val state = remember(key) {
+            mutableStateOf(decodeSettingsString(key, default) ?: default)
+        }
+
+        LaunchedEffect(key) {
+            snapshotFlow { state.value }
+                .drop(1)
+                .distinctUntilChanged()
+                .collectLatest { value ->
+                    encodeSettings(key, value)
+                    SettingsChangeManager.notifySettingChanged(key)
+                }
+        }
+        return state
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * MMKV-backed Boolean state, auto-persists and notifies on change.
+     */
+    @Composable
+    fun rememberMmkvBool(
+        key: String,
+        default: Boolean = false
+    ): MutableState<Boolean> {
+        val state = remember(key) {
+            mutableStateOf(decodeSettingsBool(key, default))
+        }
+
+        LaunchedEffect(key) {
+            snapshotFlow { state.value }
+                .drop(1)
+                .distinctUntilChanged()
+                .collectLatest { value ->
+                    encodeSettings(key, value)
+                    SettingsChangeManager.notifySettingChanged(key)
+                }
+        }
+        return state
    }

    //endregion
@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@ import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
 import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toSpeedString
-import com.v2ray.ang.ui.MainActivity
+import com.v2ray.ang.ui.main.MainActivity
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
@@ -42,53 +43,15 @@ object NotificationManager {
     * Starts the speed notification.
     * @param currentConfig The current profile configuration.
     */
-    fun startSpeedNotification(currentConfig: ProfileItem?) {
+    fun startSpeedNotification() {
        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_SPEED_ENABLED) != true) return
-        if (speedNotificationJob != null || V2RayServiceManager.isRunning() == false) return
+        if (speedNotificationJob != null || CoreServiceManager.isRunning() == false) return

        var lastZeroSpeed = false
-        val outboundTags = currentConfig?.getAllOutboundTags()
-        outboundTags?.remove(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT)

        speedNotificationJob = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
            while (isActive) {
-                val queryTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
-                val sinceLastQueryIn = (queryTime - lastQueryTime)
-
-                // If the query interval is too short, skip this round to avoid excessive CPU usage
-                if (sinceLastQueryIn < QUERY_INTERVAL_MS) {
-                    LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Query interval too short: ${sinceLastQueryIn}ms, skipping")
-                    lastQueryTime = queryTime
-                    delay(QUERY_INTERVAL_MS)
-                    continue
-                }
-                val sinceLastQueryInSeconds = sinceLastQueryIn / 1000.0
-
-                var proxyTotal = 0L
-                val text = StringBuilder()
-                outboundTags?.forEach {
-                    val up = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(it, AppConfig.UPLINK)
-                    val down = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(it, AppConfig.DOWNLINK)
-                    if (up + down > 0) {
-                        appendSpeedString(text, it, up / sinceLastQueryInSeconds, down / sinceLastQueryInSeconds)
-                        proxyTotal += up + down
-                    }
-                }
-                val directUplink = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, AppConfig.UPLINK)
-                val directDownlink = V2RayServiceManager.queryStats(AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, AppConfig.DOWNLINK)
-                val zeroSpeed = proxyTotal == 0L && directUplink == 0L && directDownlink == 0L
-                if (!zeroSpeed || !lastZeroSpeed) {
-                    if (proxyTotal == 0L) {
-                        appendSpeedString(text, outboundTags?.firstOrNull(), 0.0, 0.0)
-                    }
-                    appendSpeedString(
-                        text, AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT, directUplink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds,
-                        directDownlink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds
-                    )
-                    updateNotification(text.toString(), proxyTotal, directDownlink + directUplink)
-                }
-                lastZeroSpeed = zeroSpeed
-                lastQueryTime = queryTime
+                lastZeroSpeed = updateSpeedNotificationOnce(lastZeroSpeed)
                delay(QUERY_INTERVAL_MS)
            }
        }
@@ -130,8 +93,8 @@ object NotificationManager {

        mBuilder = NotificationCompat.Builder(service, channelId)
            .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
-            .setContentTitle(currentConfig?.remarks)
-            .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_MIN)
+            .setContentTitle(currentConfig?.remarks ?: service.getString(R.string.app_name))
+            .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_LOW)
            .setOngoing(true)
            .setShowWhen(false)
            .setOnlyAlertOnce(true)
@@ -142,7 +105,7 @@ object NotificationManager {
                stopV2RayPendingIntent
            )
            .addAction(
-                R.drawable.ic_delete_24dp,
+                R.drawable.ic_restore_24dp,
                service.getString(R.string.title_service_restart),
                restartV2RayPendingIntent
            )
@@ -152,6 +115,17 @@ object NotificationManager {
        service.startForeground(NOTIFICATION_ID, mBuilder?.build())
    }

+    /**
+     * Fulfills or refreshes the foreground-service contract before a start command can
+     * return early. A duplicate startForegroundService call still requires the service
+     * to enter foreground state promptly, even when the core is already running.
+     */
+    fun ensureForeground() {
+        val service = getService() ?: return
+        val notification = mBuilder?.build()
+        if (notification == null) showNotification(null) else service.startForeground(NOTIFICATION_ID, notification)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Cancels the notification.
     */
@@ -167,13 +141,12 @@ object NotificationManager {

    /**
     * Stops the speed notification.
-     * @param currentConfig The current profile configuration.
     */
-    fun stopSpeedNotification(currentConfig: ProfileItem?) {
+    fun stopSpeedNotification() {
        speedNotificationJob?.let {
            it.cancel()
            speedNotificationJob = null
-            updateNotification(currentConfig?.remarks, 0, 0)
+            updateNotification("", 0, 0)
        }
    }

@@ -185,12 +158,9 @@ object NotificationManager {
    private fun createNotificationChannel(): String {
        val channelId = AppConfig.RAY_NG_CHANNEL_ID
        val channelName = AppConfig.RAY_NG_CHANNEL_NAME
-        val chan = NotificationChannel(
-            channelId,
-            channelName, NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_HIGH
-        )
+        // Foreground-service notifications must remain visible; LOW is silent but valid.
+        val chan = NotificationChannel(channelId, channelName, NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_LOW)
        chan.lightColor = Color.DKGRAY
-        chan.importance = NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_NONE
        chan.lockscreenVisibility = Notification.VISIBILITY_PRIVATE
        getNotificationManager()?.createNotificationChannel(chan)
        return channelId
@@ -246,11 +216,75 @@ object NotificationManager {
        text.append("•  ${up.toLong().toSpeedString()}↑  ${down.toLong().toSpeedString()}↓\n")
    }

+    /**
+     * Updates the speed notification once.
+     * Queries traffic stats, separates proxy and direct, and updates the notification.
+     * @param lastZeroSpeed The previous zero speed state.
+     * @return The current zero speed state.
+     */
+    private fun updateSpeedNotificationOnce(lastZeroSpeed: Boolean): Boolean {
+        val queryTime = System.currentTimeMillis()
+        val sinceLastQueryIn = (queryTime - lastQueryTime)
+
+        // If the query interval is too short, skip this round to avoid excessive CPU usage
+        if (sinceLastQueryIn < QUERY_INTERVAL_MS) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "Query interval too short: ${sinceLastQueryIn}ms, skipping")
+            lastQueryTime = queryTime
+            return lastZeroSpeed
+        }
+        val sinceLastQueryInSeconds = sinceLastQueryIn / 1000.0
+
+        var proxyUplink = 0L
+        var proxyDownlink = 0L
+        var directUplink = 0L
+        var directDownlink = 0L
+
+        CoreServiceManager.queryAllOutboundTrafficStats().forEach { stat ->
+            when {
+                stat.tag == AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT -> {
+                    when (stat.direction) {
+                        AppConfig.UPLINK -> directUplink += stat.value
+                        AppConfig.DOWNLINK -> directDownlink += stat.value
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // Accumulate stats for all proxy outbounds (including custom subscription tags)
+                stat.tag != AppConfig.TAG_BLOCKED -> {
+                    when (stat.direction) {
+                        AppConfig.UPLINK -> proxyUplink += stat.value
+                        AppConfig.DOWNLINK -> proxyDownlink += stat.value
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        val proxyTotal = proxyUplink + proxyDownlink
+        val directTotal = directUplink + directDownlink
+        val zeroSpeed = proxyTotal + directTotal == 0L
+        if (!zeroSpeed || !lastZeroSpeed) {
+            val text = StringBuilder()
+            appendSpeedString(
+                text, AppConfig.TAG_PROXY,
+                proxyUplink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds,
+                proxyDownlink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds
+            )
+
+            appendSpeedString(
+                text, AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT,
+                directUplink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds,
+                directDownlink / sinceLastQueryInSeconds
+            )
+            updateNotification(text.toString(), proxyTotal, directTotal)
+        }
+        lastQueryTime = queryTime
+        return zeroSpeed
+    }
+
    /**
     * Gets the service instance.
     * @return The service instance.
     */
    private fun getService(): Service? {
-        return V2RayServiceManager.serviceControl?.get()?.getService()
+        return CoreServiceManager.serviceControl?.get()?.getService()
    }
-}
+}
@@ -1,32 +1,57 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

-import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean

+/**
+ * Manages global flags for actions triggered by setting changes.
+ * Uses AtomicBoolean for thread-safe consume operations.
+ */
 object SettingsChangeManager {
-    private val _restartService = MutableStateFlow(false)
-    private val _setupGroupTab = MutableStateFlow(false)

-    // Mark restartService as requiring a restart
+    private val restartService = AtomicBoolean(false)
+    private val setupGroupTab = AtomicBoolean(false)
+
+    // Keys that affect only UI behavior and do not require core service restart.
+    private val uiOnlyKeys = setOf(
+        AppConfig.PREF_CONFIRM_REMOVE,
+        AppConfig.PREF_DOUBLE_COLUMN_DISPLAY,
+        AppConfig.PREF_GROUP_ALL_DISPLAY,
+        AppConfig.PREF_LANGUAGE,
+        AppConfig.PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT,
+        AppConfig.PREF_IS_BOOTED,
+    )
+
+    /**
+     * Called when a setting value changes.
+     * Triggers service restart if the key is not UI-only, and always refreshes UI tabs.
+     */
+    fun notifySettingChanged(key: String) {
+        if (key !in uiOnlyKeys) {
+            makeRestartService()
+        }
+        makeSetupGroupTab()
+    }
+
    fun makeRestartService() {
-        _restartService.value = true
+        restartService.set(true)
    }

-    // Read and clear the restartService flag
-    fun consumeRestartService(): Boolean {
-        val v = _restartService.value
-        _restartService.value = false
-        return v
-    }
+    /**
+     * Atomically consumes the restart flag.
+     * @return true if a restart was requested, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun consumeRestartService(): Boolean =
+        restartService.compareAndSet(true, false)

-    // Mark reinitGroupTab as requiring tab reinitialization
    fun makeSetupGroupTab() {
-        _setupGroupTab.value = true
+        setupGroupTab.set(true)
    }

-    // Read and clear the reinitGroupTab flag
-    fun consumeSetupGroupTab(): Boolean {
-        val v = _setupGroupTab.value
-        _setupGroupTab.value = false
-        return v
-    }
+    /**
+     * Atomically consumes the setup-group-tab flag.
+     * @return true if UI refresh was requested, false otherwise.
+     */
+    fun consumeSetupGroupTab(): Boolean =
+        setupGroupTab.compareAndSet(true, false)
 }
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.content.res.AssetManager
 import android.os.Build
 import android.text.TextUtils
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatDelegate
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID
@@ -12,14 +11,15 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.GEOIP_PRIVATE
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.GEOSITE_PRIVATE
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.TAG_DIRECT
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.VPN
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.ProfileItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RulesetItem
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.V2rayConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.ProfileItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.RulesetItem
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.SubscriptionItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.EConfigType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.Language
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.RoutingType
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.VpnInterfaceAddressConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.moveItem
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeAllServerList
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeServerConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager.decodeSubsList
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.io.File
 import java.io.FileOutputStream
-import java.util.Collections
 import java.util.Locale
 import kotlin.random.Random

@@ -63,26 +62,25 @@ object SettingsManager {
    /**
     * Get preset routing rulesets.
     * @param context The application context.
-     * @param index The index of the routing type.
+     * @param type The routing preset type.
     * @return A mutable list of RulesetItem.
     */
-    private fun getPresetRoutingRulesets(context: Context, index: Int = 0): MutableList<RulesetItem>? {
-        val fileName = RoutingType.fromIndex(index).fileName
-        val assets = Utils.readTextFromAssets(context, fileName)
+    private fun getPresetRoutingRulesets(context: Context, type: RoutingType = RoutingType.WHITE): MutableList<RulesetItem>? {
+        val assets = Utils.readTextFromAssets(context, type.fileName)
        if (TextUtils.isEmpty(assets)) {
            return null
        }

-        return JsonUtil.fromJson(assets, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
+        return JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(assets, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
    }

    /**
     * Reset routing rulesets from presets.
     * @param context The application context.
-     * @param index The index of the routing type.
+     * @param type The routing preset type.
     */
-    fun resetRoutingRulesetsFromPresets(context: Context, index: Int) {
-        val rulesetList = getPresetRoutingRulesets(context, index) ?: return
+    fun resetRoutingRulesetsFromPresets(context: Context, type: RoutingType) {
+        val rulesetList = getPresetRoutingRulesets(context, type) ?: return
        resetRoutingRulesetsCommon(rulesetList)
    }

@@ -97,7 +95,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
        }

        try {
-            val rulesetList = JsonUtil.fromJson(content, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
+            val rulesetList = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(content, Array<RulesetItem>::class.java)?.toMutableList()
            if (rulesetList.isNullOrEmpty()) {
                return false
            }
@@ -191,7 +189,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
        val config = decodeServerConfig(guid) ?: return false
        if (config.configType == EConfigType.CUSTOM) {
            val raw = MmkvManager.decodeServerRaw(guid) ?: return false
-            val v2rayConfig = JsonUtil.fromJson(raw, V2rayConfig::class.java)
+            val v2rayConfig = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(raw, V2rayConfig::class.java)
            val exist = v2rayConfig?.routing?.rules?.filter { it.outboundTag == TAG_DIRECT }?.any {
                it.domain?.contains(GEOSITE_PRIVATE) == true || it.ip?.contains(GEOIP_PRIVATE) == true
            }
@@ -205,32 +203,6 @@ object SettingsManager {
        return exist == true
    }

-    /**
-     * Swap routing rulesets.
-     * @param fromPosition The position to swap from.
-     * @param toPosition The position to swap to.
-     */
-    fun swapRoutingRuleset(fromPosition: Int, toPosition: Int) {
-        val rulesetList = MmkvManager.decodeRoutingRulesets()
-        if (rulesetList.isNullOrEmpty()) return
-
-        Collections.swap(rulesetList, fromPosition, toPosition)
-        MmkvManager.encodeRoutingRulesets(rulesetList)
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Swap subscriptions.
-     * @param fromPosition The position to swap from.
-     * @param toPosition The position to swap to.
-     */
-    fun swapSubscriptions(fromPosition: Int, toPosition: Int) {
-        val subsList = decodeSubsList()
-        if (subsList.isEmpty()) return
-
-        Collections.swap(subsList, fromPosition, toPosition)
-        MmkvManager.encodeSubsList(subsList)
-    }
-
    /**
     * Get server via remarks.
     * @param remarks The remarks of the server.
@@ -246,18 +218,27 @@ object SettingsManager {
            .firstOrNull { it.remarks == remarks }
    }

+    /**
+     * Collects non-empty profile remarks while excluding specific config types.
+     */
+    fun getProfileRemarks(excludeConfigTypes: Set<EConfigType> = setOf(EConfigType.CUSTOM)): List<String> {
+        return decodeAllServerList()
+            .asSequence()
+            .mapNotNull { guid -> decodeServerConfig(guid) }
+            .filter { profile -> profile.configType !in excludeConfigTypes }
+            .map { it.remarks.trim() }
+            .filter { it.isNotEmpty() }
+            .distinct()
+            .toList()
+    }
+
    /**
     * Removes the subscription.
     * If there are no remaining subscriptions,
     * it creates a new default subscription to ensure that ungroup
     **/
    fun removeSubscriptionWithDefault(subid: String) {
-//        val subsList = decodeSubsList()
-//        if (subsList.size == 1 && subsList.first() == DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID) {
-//            LogUtil.i(ANG_PACKAGE,"Attempted to remove the only existing default subscription, operation ignored.")
-//            return
-//        }
-
+        SubscriptionUpdater.cancelOne(subId = subid)
        // Remove the subscription
        removeSubscription(subid)

@@ -398,6 +379,15 @@ object SettingsManager {
        }
    }

+    /**
+     * Get real ping concurrency.
+     * @return The number of concurrent real-ping tests (clamped to 1..64).
+     */
+    fun getRealPingConcurrency(): Int {
+        val value = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_REAL_PING_CONCURRENCY)?.toIntOrNull() ?: 16
+        return value.coerceIn(1, 128)
+    }
+
    /**
     * Get the locale.
     * @return The locale.
@@ -421,17 +411,6 @@ object SettingsManager {
        }
    }

-    /**
-     * Set night mode.
-     */
-    fun setNightMode() {
-        when (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT, "0")) {
-            "0" -> AppCompatDelegate.setDefaultNightMode(AppCompatDelegate.MODE_NIGHT_FOLLOW_SYSTEM)
-            "1" -> AppCompatDelegate.setDefaultNightMode(AppCompatDelegate.MODE_NIGHT_NO)
-            "2" -> AppCompatDelegate.setDefaultNightMode(AppCompatDelegate.MODE_NIGHT_YES)
-        }
-    }
-
    /**
     * Retrieves the currently selected VPN interface address configuration.
     * This method reads the user's preference for VPN interface addressing and returns
@@ -469,6 +448,13 @@ object SettingsManager {
        return mode == null || mode == VPN
    }

+    /**
+     * Check if a root (system-wide) run mode is selected.
+     */
+    fun isRootMode(): Boolean {
+        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ROOT_MODE_ENABLE, false)
+    }
+
    /**
     *  Check if process routing can be used.
     */
@@ -499,7 +485,6 @@ object SettingsManager {
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_MODE, VPN)
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_VPN_DNS, AppConfig.DNS_VPN)
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_VPN_MTU, AppConfig.VPN_MTU.toString())
-        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_AUTO_UPDATE_INTERVAL, AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_DEFAULT_UPDATE_INTERVAL)
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_SOCKS_PORT, AppConfig.PORT_SOCKS)
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_REMOTE_DNS, AppConfig.DNS_PROXY)
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_DOMESTIC_DNS, AppConfig.DNS_DIRECT)
@@ -510,6 +495,12 @@ object SettingsManager {
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_MUX_XUDP_CONCURRENCY, "8")
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_LENGTH, "50-100")
        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_INTERVAL, "10-20")
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_FRAGMENT_MAXSPLIT, "10")
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_PING_INTERVAL, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_PING_INTERVAL)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_INTERVAL, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_INTERVAL)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_METHOD, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_METHOD)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_SAMPLING, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_SAMPLING)
+        ensureDefaultValue(AppConfig.PREF_OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_TIMEOUT, AppConfig.OBSERVATORY_LEAST_LOAD_TIMEOUT)
    }

    private fun ensureDefaultValue(key: String, default: String) {
@@ -568,7 +559,7 @@ object SettingsManager {
            return
        }

-        val guids = JsonUtil.fromJson(oldJson, Array<String>::class.java) ?: run {
+        val guids = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(oldJson, Array<String>::class.java) ?: run {
            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(migrationKey, true)
            return
        }
@@ -605,10 +596,10 @@ object SettingsManager {
            )
            encodeSubscription(DEFAULT_SUBSCRIPTION_ID, defaultSub)

-            // Move top
+            // Move to the top
            val subsList = decodeSubsList()
-            if (subsList.count() > 1) {
-                swapSubscriptions(0, subsList.count() - 1)
+            if (subsList.moveItem(subsList.lastIndex, 0)) {
+                MmkvManager.encodeSubsList(subsList)
            }
        }
    }
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

-import android.content.Context
-import android.os.SystemClock
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.IPAPIInfo
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.UrlContentRequest
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
-import kotlinx.coroutines.currentCoroutineContext
-import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
 import java.io.IOException
 import java.net.InetSocketAddress
 import java.net.Socket
@@ -17,29 +13,6 @@ import java.net.UnknownHostException

 object SpeedtestManager {

-    private val tcpTestingSockets = ArrayList<Socket?>()
-
-    /**
-     * Measures the TCP connection time to a given URL and port.
-     *
-     * @param url The URL to connect to.
-     * @param port The port to connect to.
-     * @return The connection time in milliseconds, or -1 if the connection failed.
-     */
-    suspend fun tcping(url: String, port: Int): Long {
-        var time = -1L
-        for (k in 0 until 2) {
-            val one = socketConnectTime(url, port)
-            if (!currentCoroutineContext().isActive) {
-                break
-            }
-            if (one != -1L && (time == -1L || one < time)) {
-                time = one
-            }
-        }
-        return time
-    }
-
    /**
     * Measures the time taken to establish a TCP connection to a given URL and port.
     *
@@ -47,42 +20,34 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
     * @param port The port to connect to.
     * @return The connection time in milliseconds, or -1 if the connection failed.
     */
-    fun socketConnectTime(url: String, port: Int): Long {
+    fun socketConnectTime(url: String, port: Int, timeoutMs: Int = 1500): Long {
+        var socket: Socket? = null
+        val start = System.currentTimeMillis()
+
        try {
-            val socket = Socket()
-            synchronized(this) {
-                tcpTestingSockets.add(socket)
-            }
-            val start = System.currentTimeMillis()
-            socket.connect(InetSocketAddress(url, port), 3000)
-            val time = System.currentTimeMillis() - start
-            synchronized(this) {
-                tcpTestingSockets.remove(socket)
-            }
-            socket.close()
-            return time
+            socket = Socket()
+            socket.connect(InetSocketAddress(url, port), timeoutMs)
+
+            return System.currentTimeMillis() - start
        } catch (e: UnknownHostException) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Unknown host: $url", e)
        } catch (e: IOException) {
-            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "socketConnectTime IOException: $e")
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "socketConnectTime IOException: ${e.message}")
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to establish socket connection to $url:$port", e)
+        } finally {
+            socket?.let { s ->
+                try {
+                    if (!s.isClosed) {
+                        s.close()
+                    }
+                } catch (closeEx: IOException) {
+                }
+            }
        }
        return -1
    }

-    /**
-     * Closes all TCP sockets that are currently being tested.
-     */
-    fun closeAllTcpSockets() {
-        synchronized(this) {
-            tcpTestingSockets.forEach {
-                it?.close()
-            }
-            tcpTestingSockets.clear()
-        }
-    }
-
    fun getRemoteIPInfo(): String? {
        val url = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(AppConfig.PREF_IP_API_URL)
            .takeIf { !it.isNullOrBlank() } ?: AppConfig.IP_API_URL
@@ -90,8 +55,17 @@ object SpeedtestManager {
        val proxyUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
        val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()
        val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-        val content = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword) ?: return null
-        val ipInfo = JsonUtil.fromJson(content, IPAPIInfo::class.java) ?: return null
+        if (httpPort == 0) return null
+        val content = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(
+            UrlContentRequest(
+                url = url,
+                timeout = 5000,
+                httpPort = httpPort,
+                proxyUsername = proxyUsername,
+                proxyPassword = proxyPassword
+            )
+        ) ?: return null
+        val ipInfo = JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(content, IPAPIInfo::class.java) ?: return null

        val ip = listOf(
            ipInfo.ip,
@@ -1,63 +1,189 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

 import android.annotation.SuppressLint
-import android.app.NotificationChannel
-import android.app.NotificationManager
 import android.content.Context
-import android.os.Build
-import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
-import androidx.core.app.NotificationManagerCompat
+import androidx.work.Constraints
 import androidx.work.CoroutineWorker
+import androidx.work.ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy
+import androidx.work.NetworkType
+import androidx.work.PeriodicWorkRequestBuilder
 import androidx.work.WorkerParameters
+import androidx.work.multiprocess.RemoteWorkManager
+import androidx.work.workDataOf
+import com.v2ray.ang.AngApplication
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionUpdateMessage
+import com.v2ray.ang.helper.MessageHelper
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit

 object SubscriptionUpdater {

+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Public API — the only methods external callers should ever use
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    /**
+     * Sync all subscription tasks with current settings.
+     *
+     * Startup/boot callers should use the default mode so existing periodic work is kept.
+     * Use forceReschedule=true only when the next run time needs to be recalculated from
+     * the latest persisted subscription state (for example after a manual refresh).
+     * Call from: MainActivity.onCreate(), BootReceiver.onReceive().
+     */
+    fun sync(
+        context: Context = AngApplication.application,
+        forceReschedule: Boolean = false
+    ) {
+        val existingWorkPolicy =
+            if (forceReschedule) {
+                ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.REPLACE
+            } else {
+                ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.KEEP
+            }
+
+        MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions()
+            .filter { it.subscription.autoUpdate && it.subscription.url.isNotEmpty() }
+            .forEach { sub ->
+                scheduleOne(
+                    context = context,
+                    subId = sub.guid,
+                    existingWorkPolicy = existingWorkPolicy
+                )
+            }
+        LogUtil.i(
+            AppConfig.TAG,
+            "SubscriptionUpdater: sync complete forceReschedule=$forceReschedule"
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sync a single subscription's task.
+     * Call from: SubEditActivity after saving, after a manual update (to reset the timer).
+     */
+    fun syncOne(context: Context = AngApplication.application, subId: String) {
+        scheduleOne(
+            context = context,
+            subId = subId,
+            existingWorkPolicy = ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.REPLACE
+        )
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cancel the auto-update task for a single subscription.
+     * Call from: when a subscription is deleted.
+     */
+    fun cancelOne(context: Context = AngApplication.application, subId: String) {
+        RemoteWorkManager.getInstance(context)
+            .cancelUniqueWork(taskName(subId))
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update the last updated timestamp and reschedule the task.
+     * This is used to reset the periodic timer and prevent rapid rescheduling loops.
+     */
+    fun updateLastUpdatedAndReschedule(context: Context = AngApplication.application, subId: String) {
+        val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId) ?: return
+        subItem.lastUpdated = System.currentTimeMillis()
+        MmkvManager.encodeSubscription(subId, subItem)
+        syncOne(context, subId)
+    }
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Internal scheduling logic
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    private fun taskName(subId: String) = "${AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_TASK_NAME}_$subId"
+
+    private fun scheduleOne(
+        context: Context,
+        subId: String,
+        existingWorkPolicy: ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy
+    ) {
+        val subItem = MmkvManager.decodeSubscription(subId) ?: return
+        val rw = RemoteWorkManager.getInstance(context)
+        if (!subItem.autoUpdate) {
+            cancelOne(context, subId)
+            LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: cancelled task for ${subItem.remarks}")
+            return
+        }
+
+        if (subItem.url.isEmpty()) {
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: url isEmpty for ${subItem.remarks}, skip")
+            return
+        }
+
+        val intervalMinutes = maxOf(
+            AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_MIN_INTERVAL_MINUTES,
+            subItem.updateInterval
+        )
+
+        // Base initial delay on the last successful update time persisted in subscription.
+        val lastUpdated = subItem.lastUpdated
+        val intervalMillis = intervalMinutes * 60 * 1000L
+        val now = System.currentTimeMillis()
+        var initialDelayMillis = if (lastUpdated <= 0L) {
+            0L
+        } else {
+            maxOf(0L, lastUpdated + intervalMillis - now)
+        }
+
+        // Add a small floor to initial delay to prevent rapid rescheduling loops.
+        if (existingWorkPolicy == ExistingPeriodicWorkPolicy.REPLACE && initialDelayMillis < 5000L) {
+            initialDelayMillis = 5000L
+        }
+
+        val request = PeriodicWorkRequestBuilder<UpdateTask>(intervalMinutes, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
+            .setConstraints(
+                Constraints.Builder()
+                    .setRequiredNetworkType(NetworkType.CONNECTED)
+                    .build()
+            )
+            .setInputData(workDataOf(KEY_SUB_ID to subId))
+            .setInitialDelay(initialDelayMillis, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
+            .addTag(AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_TASK_NAME)
+            .build()
+
+        rw.enqueueUniquePeriodicWork(
+            taskName(subId),
+            existingWorkPolicy,
+            request
+        )
+
+        LogUtil.i(
+            AppConfig.TAG,
+            "SubscriptionUpdater: scheduled [${subItem.remarks}] interval=${intervalMinutes}min " +
+                    "initialDelay=${initialDelayMillis / 1000}s policy=$existingWorkPolicy"
+        )
+    }
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // Worker
+    // -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    private const val KEY_SUB_ID = "subId"
+
    class UpdateTask(context: Context, params: WorkerParameters) :
        CoroutineWorker(context, params) {

-        private val notificationManager = NotificationManagerCompat.from(applicationContext)
-        private val notification =
-            NotificationCompat.Builder(applicationContext, AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL)
-                .setWhen(0)
-                .setTicker("Update")
-                .setContentTitle(context.getString(R.string.title_pref_auto_update_subscription))
-                .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
-                .setCategory(NotificationCompat.CATEGORY_SERVICE)
-                .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_DEFAULT)
-
-        /**
-         * Performs the subscription update work.
-         * @return The result of the work.
-         */
        @SuppressLint("MissingPermission")
        override suspend fun doWork(): Result {
-            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "subscription automatic update starting")
+            val subId = inputData.getString(KEY_SUB_ID)
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater update starting via Service: $subId")

-            val subs = MmkvManager.decodeSubscriptions().filter { it.subscription.autoUpdate }
-
-            for (sub in subs) {
-                val subItem = sub.subscription
-
-                if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
-                    notification.setChannelId(AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL)
-                    val channel =
-                        NotificationChannel(
-                            AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL,
-                            AppConfig.SUBSCRIPTION_UPDATE_CHANNEL_NAME,
-                            NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_MIN
-                        )
-                    notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(channel)
-                }
-                notificationManager.notify(3, notification.build())
-                LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "subscription automatic update: ---${subItem.remarks}")
-                AngConfigManager.updateConfigViaSub(sub)
-                notification.setContentText("Updating ${subItem.remarks}")
+            if (subId.isNullOrEmpty()) {
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "SubscriptionUpdater: missing subId in worker input")
+                return Result.success()
            }
-            notificationManager.cancel(3)
+
+            updateLastUpdatedAndReschedule(applicationContext, subId)
+
+            MessageHelper.sendMsg2SubscriptionService(
+                applicationContext,
+                SubscriptionUpdateMessage(AppConfig.MSG_SUB_UPDATE_START, true, listOf(subId))
+            )
+
            return Result.success()
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

-import android.content.Context
 import android.os.Build
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.BuildConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.CheckUpdateResult
 import com.v2ray.ang.dto.GitHubRelease
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.UrlContentRequest
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.concatUrl
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.HttpUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.JsonUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
-import java.io.File
-import java.io.FileOutputStream

 object UpdateCheckerManager {
    suspend fun checkForUpdate(includePreRelease: Boolean = false): CheckUpdateResult = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
@@ -26,19 +24,32 @@ object UpdateCheckerManager {
        val proxyUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
        val proxyPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()

-        var response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000)
+        var response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(
+            UrlContentRequest(
+                url = url,
+                timeout = 5000
+            )
+        )
        if (response.isNullOrEmpty()) {
            val httpPort = SettingsManager.getHttpPort()
-            response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(url, 5000, httpPort, proxyUsername, proxyPassword)
+            response = HttpUtil.getUrlContent(
+                UrlContentRequest(
+                    url = url,
+                    timeout = 5000,
+                    httpPort = httpPort,
+                    proxyUsername = proxyUsername,
+                    proxyPassword = proxyPassword
+                )
+            )
                ?: throw IllegalStateException("Failed to get response")
        }

        val latestRelease = if (includePreRelease) {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(response, Array<GitHubRelease>::class.java)
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(response, Array<GitHubRelease>::class.java)
                ?.firstOrNull()
                ?: throw IllegalStateException("No pre-release found")
        } else {
-            JsonUtil.fromJson(response, GitHubRelease::class.java)
+            JsonUtil.fromJsonSafe(response, GitHubRelease::class.java)
        }
        if (latestRelease == null) {
            return@withContext CheckUpdateResult(hasUpdate = false)
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.handler

 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.dto.WebDavConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.entities.WebDavConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
 import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-import android.graphics.Canvas
-import android.graphics.Rect
-import android.graphics.drawable.Drawable
-import android.view.View
-import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
-
-class CustomDividerItemDecoration(
-    private val divider: Drawable,
-    private val orientation: Int
-) : RecyclerView.ItemDecoration() {
-
-    override fun onDraw(canvas: Canvas, parent: RecyclerView, state: RecyclerView.State) {
-        if (orientation == RecyclerView.VERTICAL) {
-            drawVerticalDividers(canvas, parent)
-        } else {
-            drawHorizontalDividers(canvas, parent)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private fun drawVerticalDividers(canvas: Canvas, parent: RecyclerView) {
-        val left = parent.paddingLeft
-        val right = parent.width - parent.paddingRight
-
-        val childCount = parent.childCount
-        for (i in 0 until childCount - 1) {
-            val child = parent.getChildAt(i)
-            val params = child.layoutParams as RecyclerView.LayoutParams
-
-            val top = child.bottom + params.bottomMargin
-            val bottom = top + divider.intrinsicHeight
-
-            divider.setBounds(left, top, right, bottom)
-            divider.draw(canvas)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private fun drawHorizontalDividers(canvas: Canvas, parent: RecyclerView) {
-        val top = parent.paddingTop
-        val bottom = parent.height - parent.paddingBottom
-
-        val childCount = parent.childCount
-        for (i in 0 until childCount - 1) {
-            val child = parent.getChildAt(i)
-            val params = child.layoutParams as RecyclerView.LayoutParams
-
-            val left = child.right + params.rightMargin
-            val right = left + divider.intrinsicWidth
-
-            divider.setBounds(left, top, right, bottom)
-            divider.draw(canvas)
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun getItemOffsets(
-        outRect: Rect,
-        view: View,
-        parent: RecyclerView,
-        state: RecyclerView.State
-    ) {
-        if (orientation == RecyclerView.VERTICAL) {
-            outRect.set(0, 0, 0, divider.intrinsicHeight)
-        } else {
-            outRect.set(0, 0, divider.intrinsicWidth, 0)
-        }
-    }
-}
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.helper

+import android.app.Activity
 import android.content.ActivityNotFoundException
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.net.Uri
+import androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
 import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
 import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
@@ -15,14 +16,14 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 * Helper for choosing and creating files using Android Storage Access Framework.
 * Supports both file selection (ACTION_GET_CONTENT) and file creation (CreateDocument).
 */
-class FileChooserHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+class FileChooserHelper(private val activity: ComponentActivity) {
    private var fileChooserCallback: ((Uri?) -> Unit)? = null
    private var documentCreateCallback: ((Uri?) -> Unit)? = null

    private val fileChooserLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<Intent> =
        activity.registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.StartActivityForResult()) { result ->
            val uri = result.data?.data
-            if (result.resultCode == AppCompatActivity.RESULT_OK && uri != null) {
+            if (result.resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK && uri != null) {
                fileChooserCallback?.invoke(uri)
            } else {
                fileChooserCallback?.invoke(null)
@@ -85,4 +86,4 @@ class FileChooserHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
            documentCreateCallback = null
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 Paul Burke
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-/**
- * Interface to listen for a move or dismissal event from a [ItemTouchHelper.Callback].
- *
- * @author Paul Burke (ipaulpro)
- */
-interface ItemTouchHelperAdapter {
-    /**
-     * Called when an item has been dragged far enough to trigger a move. This is called every time
-     * an item is shifted, and **not** at the end of a "drop" event.<br></br>
-     * <br></br>
-     * Implementations should call [RecyclerView.Adapter.notifyItemMoved] after
-     * adjusting the underlying data to reflect this move.
-     *
-     * @param fromPosition The start position of the moved item.
-     * @param toPosition   Then resolved position of the moved item.
-     * @return True if the item was moved to the new adapter position.
-     * @see RecyclerView.getAdapterPositionFor
-     * @see RecyclerView.ViewHolder.getAdapterPosition
-     */
-    fun onItemMove(fromPosition: Int, toPosition: Int): Boolean
-
-
-    fun onItemMoveCompleted()
-
-    /**
-     * Called when an item has been dismissed by a swipe.<br></br>
-     * <br></br>
-     * Implementations should call [RecyclerView.Adapter.notifyItemRemoved] after
-     * adjusting the underlying data to reflect this removal.
-     *
-     * @param position The position of the item dismissed.
-     * @see RecyclerView.getAdapterPositionFor
-     * @see RecyclerView.ViewHolder.getAdapterPosition
-     */
-    fun onItemDismiss(position: Int)
-}
@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 Paul Burke
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-import androidx.recyclerview.widget.ItemTouchHelper
-
-/**
- * Interface to notify an item ViewHolder of relevant callbacks from [ ].
- *
- * @author Paul Burke (ipaulpro)
- */
-interface ItemTouchHelperViewHolder {
-    /**
-     * Called when the [ItemTouchHelper] first registers an item as being moved or swiped.
-     * Implementations should update the item view to indicate it's active state.
-     */
-    fun onItemSelected()
-
-
-    /**
-     * Called when the [ItemTouchHelper] has completed the move or swipe, and the active item
-     * state should be cleared.
-     */
-    fun onItemClear()
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.helper
+
+import android.content.ComponentName
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.SubscriptionUpdateMessage
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.TestServiceMessage
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.CoreTestService
+import com.v2ray.ang.service.SubscriptionUpdateService
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import java.io.Serializable
+
+object MessageHelper {
+
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the service.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param what The message identifier.
+     * @param content The message content.
+     */
+    fun sendMsg2Service(ctx: Context, what: Int, content: Serializable) {
+        sendMsg(ctx, AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_SERVICE, what, content)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the UI.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param what The message identifier.
+     * @param content The message content.
+     */
+    fun sendMsg2UI(ctx: Context, what: Int, content: Serializable) {
+        sendMsg(ctx, AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_ACTIVITY, what, content)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the test service.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param message The test service message containing key, subscriptionId, and serverGuids.
+     */
+    fun sendMsg2TestService(ctx: Context, message: TestServiceMessage) {
+        try {
+            val intent = Intent()
+            intent.component = ComponentName(ctx, CoreTestService::class.java)
+            intent.putExtra("content", message)
+            when (message.key) {
+                AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_START -> {
+                    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
+                        ContextCompat.startForegroundService(ctx, intent)
+                    } else {
+                        ctx.startService(intent)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL -> {
+                    // Do not wake up service just to cancel; stop only if it is already running.
+                    ctx.stopService(intent)
+                }
+
+                else -> {
+                    ctx.startService(intent)
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to send message to test service", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message to the subscription service.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param message The subscription service message containing key and subId.
+     */
+    fun sendMsg2SubscriptionService(ctx: Context, message: SubscriptionUpdateMessage) {
+        try {
+            val intent = Intent()
+            intent.component = ComponentName(ctx, SubscriptionUpdateService::class.java)
+            intent.putExtra("content", message)
+            when (message.key) {
+                AppConfig.MSG_SUB_UPDATE_START -> {
+                    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
+                        ContextCompat.startForegroundService(ctx, intent)
+                    } else {
+                        ctx.startService(intent)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                AppConfig.MSG_SUB_UPDATE_CANCEL -> {
+                    ctx.stopService(intent)
+                }
+
+                else -> {
+                    ctx.startService(intent)
+                }
+            }
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to send message to subscription service", e)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Sends a message with the specified action.
+     *
+     * @param ctx The context.
+     * @param action The action string.
+     * @param what The message identifier.
+     * @param content The message content.
+     */
+    private fun sendMsg(ctx: Context, action: String, what: Int, content: Serializable) {
+        try {
+            val intent = Intent()
+            intent.action = action
+            intent.`package` = AppConfig.ANG_PACKAGE
+            intent.putExtra("key", what)
+            intent.putExtra("content", content)
+            ctx.sendBroadcast(intent)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Failed to send message with action: $action", e)
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-import androidx.preference.PreferenceDataStore
-import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsChangeManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
-
-/**
- * PreferenceDataStore implementation that bridges AndroidX Preference framework to MMKV storage.
- * This ensures that all Preference UI operations read/write directly from/to MMKV,
- * avoiding inconsistencies between SharedPreferences and MMKV.
- */
-class MmkvPreferenceDataStore : PreferenceDataStore() {
-
-    override fun putString(key: String, value: String?) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getString(key: String, defaultValue: String?): String? {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsString(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putInt(key: String, value: Int) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getInt(key: String, defaultValue: Int): Int {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsInt(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putLong(key: String, value: Long) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getLong(key: String, defaultValue: Long): Long {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsLong(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putFloat(key: String, value: Float) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getFloat(key: String, defaultValue: Float): Float {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsFloat(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putBoolean(key: String, value: Boolean) {
-        MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, value)
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getBoolean(key: String, defaultValue: Boolean): Boolean {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(key, defaultValue)
-    }
-
-    override fun putStringSet(key: String, values: MutableSet<String>?) {
-        if (values == null) {
-            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, null as String?)
-        } else {
-            MmkvManager.encodeSettings(key, values)
-        }
-        notifySettingChanged(key)
-    }
-
-    override fun getStringSet(key: String, defaultValues: MutableSet<String>?): MutableSet<String>? {
-        return MmkvManager.decodeSettingsStringSet(key) ?: defaultValues
-    }
-
-    // Internal helper: notify other modules about setting changes
-    private fun notifySettingChanged(key: String) {
-        if (key == AppConfig.PREF_LOGLEVEL) {
-            LogUtil.refreshLogLevel()
-        }
-
-        // Call SettingsManager.setNightMode if UI mode changed
-        if (key == AppConfig.PREF_UI_MODE_NIGHT) {
-            SettingsManager.setNightMode()
-        }
-        // Notify listeners that require service restart or reinit
-        SettingsChangeManager.makeRestartService()
-        SettingsChangeManager.makeSetupGroupTab()
-    }
-}
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.helper
+
+import android.app.Notification
+import android.app.NotificationChannel
+import android.app.NotificationManager
+import android.app.Service
+import android.content.Context
+import android.os.Build
+import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NotificationChannelType
+
+/**
+ * Unified notification helper for different notification channels.
+ * Supports both regular notifications and foreground service notifications.
+ *
+ * Performance: NotificationManager is cached. Builder is created once per update.
+ * Safe for high-frequency updates (100+ times/second).
+ */
+object NotificationHelper {
+
+    // Cached instances for performance
+    private var cachedNotificationManager: NotificationManager? = null
+    private val builderCache = mutableMapOf<Int, NotificationCompat.Builder>()
+
+    /**
+     * Notify with a regular notification (non-foreground).
+     *
+     * @param channelType The notification channel type (defines channelId, notificationId, etc.)
+     * @param context The context for building the notification
+     * @param title The notification title
+     * @param content The notification content text
+     */
+    fun notify(
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        context: Context,
+        title: String,
+        content: String
+    ) {
+        ensureChannelCreated(channelType, context)
+        val notificationManager = getNotificationManager(context)
+        val builder = buildNotificationBuilder(channelType, context, title, content)
+        notificationManager.notify(channelType.notificationId, builder.build())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Update an existing notification's content.
+     * Optimized for high-frequency updates (100+/sec).
+     * Reuses cached Builder to minimize allocation overhead.
+     *
+     * @param channelType The notification channel type
+     * @param context The context
+     * @param content The new content text
+     */
+    fun updateNotification(
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        context: Context,
+        title: String,
+        content: String
+    ) {
+        val notificationManager = getNotificationManager(context)
+
+        // Get or create builder from cache
+        val builder = builderCache.getOrPut(channelType.notificationId) {
+            buildNotificationBuilder(channelType, context, title, content)
+        }
+
+        // Update only the content text (fast operation)
+        builder.setContentText(content)
+        notificationManager.notify(channelType.notificationId, builder.build())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Start a foreground service with a notification.
+     *
+     * @param service The service to set as foreground
+     * @param channelType The notification channel type
+     * @param title The notification title
+     * @param content The notification content text
+     * @param action An optional action retained when the notification is updated
+     */
+    fun startForeground(
+        service: Service,
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        title: String,
+        content: String,
+        action: NotificationCompat.Action? = null
+    ) {
+        ensureChannelCreated(channelType, service)
+        val builder = buildNotificationBuilder(channelType, service, title, content, action)
+        builderCache[channelType.notificationId] = builder
+        service.startForeground(channelType.notificationId, builder.build())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Stop the foreground notification for a service.
+     *
+     * @param service The service to stop foreground on
+     */
+    fun stopForeground(service: Service) {
+        service.stopForeground(Service.STOP_FOREGROUND_REMOVE)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cancel a notification and clean up cached builder.
+     *
+     * @param channelType The notification channel type
+     * @param context The context
+     */
+    fun cancel(
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        context: Context
+    ) {
+        getNotificationManager(context).cancel(channelType.notificationId)
+        builderCache.remove(channelType.notificationId)  // Clean up cache
+    }
+
+    // ====== Private helper methods ======
+
+    private fun getNotificationManager(context: Context): NotificationManager {
+        if (cachedNotificationManager == null) {
+            cachedNotificationManager = context.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager
+        }
+        return cachedNotificationManager!!
+    }
+
+    private fun ensureChannelCreated(channelType: NotificationChannelType, context: Context) {
+        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.O) return
+
+        val notificationManager = context.getSystemService(Context.NOTIFICATION_SERVICE) as NotificationManager
+        if (notificationManager.getNotificationChannel(channelType.channelId) != null) return
+
+        val channel = NotificationChannel(
+            channelType.channelId,
+            channelType.channelName,
+            NotificationManager.IMPORTANCE_LOW
+        ).apply {
+            lockscreenVisibility = Notification.VISIBILITY_PRIVATE
+        }
+        notificationManager.createNotificationChannel(channel)
+    }
+
+    private fun buildNotificationBuilder(
+        channelType: NotificationChannelType,
+        context: Context,
+        title: String,
+        content: String,
+        action: NotificationCompat.Action? = null
+    ): NotificationCompat.Builder {
+        val channelId = if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
+            channelType.channelId
+        } else {
+            ""
+        }
+
+        val displayTitle = title.ifEmpty { context.getString(R.string.app_name) }
+        return NotificationCompat.Builder(context, channelId)
+            .setSmallIcon(R.drawable.ic_stat_name)
+            .setContentTitle(displayTitle)
+            .setContentText(content)
+            .setOngoing(false)
+            .setOnlyAlertOnce(true)
+            .setPriority(NotificationCompat.PRIORITY_LOW)
+            .setCategory(NotificationCompat.CATEGORY_SERVICE)
+            .apply { action?.let(::addAction) }
+    }
+}
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.helper

 import android.content.pm.PackageManager
+import androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
 import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
 import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
 import androidx.core.content.ContextCompat
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
 import com.v2ray.ang.enums.PermissionType
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.extension.toast
 /**
 * Helper for requesting permissions.
 */
-class PermissionHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+class PermissionHelper(private val activity: ComponentActivity) {
    private var permissionCallback: ((Boolean) -> Unit)? = null

    private val permissionLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<String> =
@@ -36,11 +36,14 @@ class PermissionHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
                if (isGranted) {
                    onGranted()
                } else {
-                    val message = "${activity.getString(R.string.toast_permission_denied)}  ${permissionType.getLabel()}"
+                    val message = activity.getString(
+                        R.string.toast_permission_denied_for,
+                        activity.getString(permissionType.getLabelRes())
+                    )
                    activity.toast(message)
                }
            }
            permissionLauncher.launch(permission)
        }
    }
-}
+}
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 package com.v2ray.ang.helper

+import android.app.Activity
 import android.content.Intent
+import androidx.activity.ComponentActivity
 import androidx.activity.result.ActivityResultLauncher
 import androidx.activity.result.contract.ActivityResultContracts
-import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
 import com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScannerActivity

 /**
@@ -12,12 +13,12 @@ import com.v2ray.ang.ui.ScannerActivity
 * This class encapsulates the logic for launching the QR code scanner activity
 * and handling the scan result.
 */
-class QRCodeScannerHelper(private val activity: AppCompatActivity) {
+class QRCodeScannerHelper(private val activity: ComponentActivity) {
    private var scanCallback: ((String?) -> Unit)? = null

    private val scanLauncher: ActivityResultLauncher<Intent> =
        activity.registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.StartActivityForResult()) { result ->
-            if (result.resultCode == AppCompatActivity.RESULT_OK) {
+            if (result.resultCode == Activity.RESULT_OK) {
                val scanResult = result.data?.getStringExtra("SCAN_RESULT")
                scanCallback?.invoke(scanResult)
            } else {
@@ -1,147 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2015 Paul Burke
- *
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-package com.v2ray.ang.helper
-
-import android.animation.ValueAnimator
-import android.graphics.Canvas
-import android.view.animation.DecelerateInterpolator
-import androidx.recyclerview.widget.GridLayoutManager
-import androidx.recyclerview.widget.ItemTouchHelper
-import androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
-import kotlin.math.abs
-import kotlin.math.min
-import kotlin.math.sign
-
-/**
- * An implementation of [ItemTouchHelper.Callback] that enables basic drag & drop and
- * swipe-to-dismiss. Drag events are automatically started by an item long-press.<br></br>
- *
- * Expects the `RecyclerView.Adapter` to listen for [ ] callbacks and the `RecyclerView.ViewHolder` to implement
- * [ItemTouchHelperViewHolder].
- *
- * @author Paul Burke (ipaulpro)
- */
-class SimpleItemTouchHelperCallback(private val mAdapter: ItemTouchHelperAdapter, private val allowSwipe: Boolean = false) : ItemTouchHelper.Callback() {
-    private var mReturnAnimator: ValueAnimator? = null
-
-    override fun isLongPressDragEnabled(): Boolean = true
-
-    override fun isItemViewSwipeEnabled(): Boolean = allowSwipe
-
-    override fun getMovementFlags(
-        recyclerView: RecyclerView,
-        viewHolder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder
-    ): Int {
-        val dragFlags: Int
-        val swipeFlags: Int
-        if (recyclerView.layoutManager is GridLayoutManager) {
-            dragFlags = ItemTouchHelper.UP or ItemTouchHelper.DOWN or ItemTouchHelper.LEFT or ItemTouchHelper.RIGHT
-            swipeFlags = if (allowSwipe) ItemTouchHelper.START or ItemTouchHelper.END else 0
-        } else {
-            dragFlags = ItemTouchHelper.UP or ItemTouchHelper.DOWN
-            swipeFlags = if (allowSwipe) ItemTouchHelper.START or ItemTouchHelper.END else 0
-        }
-        return makeMovementFlags(dragFlags, swipeFlags)
-    }
-
-    override fun onMove(
-        recyclerView: RecyclerView,
-        source: RecyclerView.ViewHolder,
-        target: RecyclerView.ViewHolder
-    ): Boolean {
-        return if (source.itemViewType != target.itemViewType) {
-            false
-        } else {
-            mAdapter.onItemMove(source.bindingAdapterPosition, target.bindingAdapterPosition)
-            true
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun onSwiped(viewHolder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder, direction: Int) {
-        // Do not delete; simply return item to original position
-        returnViewToOriginalPosition(viewHolder)
-    }
-
-    override fun onChildDraw(
-        c: Canvas, recyclerView: RecyclerView,
-        viewHolder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder,
-        dX: Float, dY: Float, actionState: Int, isCurrentlyActive: Boolean
-    ) {
-        if (actionState == ItemTouchHelper.ACTION_STATE_SWIPE) {
-            val maxSwipeDistance = viewHolder.itemView.width * SWIPE_THRESHOLD
-            val swipeAmount = abs(dX)
-            val direction = sign(dX)
-
-            // Limit maximum swipe distance
-            val translationX = min(swipeAmount, maxSwipeDistance) * direction
-            val alpha = ALPHA_FULL - min(swipeAmount, maxSwipeDistance) / maxSwipeDistance
-
-            viewHolder.itemView.translationX = translationX
-            viewHolder.itemView.alpha = alpha
-
-            if (swipeAmount >= maxSwipeDistance && isCurrentlyActive) {
-                returnViewToOriginalPosition(viewHolder)
-            }
-        } else {
-            super.onChildDraw(c, recyclerView, viewHolder, dX, dY, actionState, isCurrentlyActive)
-        }
-    }
-
-    private fun returnViewToOriginalPosition(viewHolder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder) {
-        mReturnAnimator?.takeIf { it.isRunning }?.cancel()
-
-        mReturnAnimator = ValueAnimator.ofFloat(viewHolder.itemView.translationX, 0f).apply {
-            addUpdateListener { animation ->
-                val value = animation.animatedValue as Float
-                viewHolder.itemView.translationX = value
-                viewHolder.itemView.alpha = 1f - abs(value) / (viewHolder.itemView.width * SWIPE_THRESHOLD)
-            }
-            interpolator = DecelerateInterpolator()
-            duration = ANIMATION_DURATION
-            start()
-        }
-    }
-
-    override fun onSelectedChanged(viewHolder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder?, actionState: Int) {
-        if (actionState != ItemTouchHelper.ACTION_STATE_IDLE && viewHolder is ItemTouchHelperViewHolder) {
-            viewHolder.onItemSelected()
-        }
-        super.onSelectedChanged(viewHolder, actionState)
-    }
-
-    override fun clearView(recyclerView: RecyclerView, viewHolder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder) {
-        super.clearView(recyclerView, viewHolder)
-        viewHolder.itemView.alpha = ALPHA_FULL
-        if (viewHolder is ItemTouchHelperViewHolder) {
-            viewHolder.onItemClear()
-        }
-        mAdapter.onItemMoveCompleted()
-    }
-
-    override fun getSwipeThreshold(viewHolder: RecyclerView.ViewHolder): Float {
-        return 1.1f // Set a value greater than 1 to prevent default swipe delete
-    }
-
-    override fun getSwipeEscapeVelocity(defaultValue: Float): Float {
-        return defaultValue * 10 // Increase swipe escape velocity to make swipe harder to trigger
-    }
-
-    companion object {
-        private const val ALPHA_FULL = 1.0f
-        private const val SWIPE_THRESHOLD = 0.25f
-        private const val ANIMATION_DURATION: Long = 200
-    }
-}
@@ -3,26 +3,46 @@ package com.v2ray.ang.receiver
 import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.UserManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.LauncherManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2RayServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SubscriptionUpdater
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil

 class BootReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
    /**
     * This method is called when the BroadcastReceiver is receiving an Intent broadcast.
-     * It checks if the context is not null and the action is ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED.
+     * It handles BOOT_COMPLETED, LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED, and MY_PACKAGE_REPLACED.
     * If the conditions are met, it starts the V2Ray service.
     *
     * @param context The Context in which the receiver is running.
     * @param intent The Intent being received.
     */
    override fun onReceive(context: Context?, intent: Intent?) {
-        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver received: ${intent?.action}")
+        val action = intent?.action ?: return
+        if (context == null) return

-        if (context == null || intent?.action != Intent.ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED) {
-            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver: Invalid context or action")
-            return
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver received: $action")
+
+        when (action) {
+            Intent.ACTION_BOOT_COMPLETED,
+            Intent.ACTION_MY_PACKAGE_REPLACED -> {
+                // Continue
+            }
+
+            Intent.ACTION_LOCKED_BOOT_COMPLETED -> {
+                val userManager = context.getSystemService(Context.USER_SERVICE) as? UserManager
+                if (userManager != null && !userManager.isUserUnlocked) {
+                    LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver: User is locked, skipping auto start")
+                    return
+                }
+            }
+
+            else -> {
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver: Unhandled action: $action")
+                return
+            }
        }

        if (!MmkvManager.decodeStartOnBoot()) {
@@ -36,6 +56,7 @@ class BootReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
        }

        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "BootReceiver: Starting V2Ray service")
-        V2RayServiceManager.startVService(context)
+        LauncherManager.startService(context)
+        SubscriptionUpdater.sync(context)
    }
 }
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.text.TextUtils
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2RayServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.LauncherManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil

 class TaskerReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
@@ -28,12 +28,12 @@ class TaskerReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
                return
            } else if (switch) {
                if (guid == AppConfig.TASKER_DEFAULT_GUID) {
-                    V2RayServiceManager.startVServiceFromToggle(context)
+                    LauncherManager.startServiceFromToggle(context)
                } else {
-                    V2RayServiceManager.startVService(context, guid)
+                    LauncherManager.startService(context, guid)
                }
            } else {
-                V2RayServiceManager.stopVService(context)
+                LauncherManager.stopService(context)
            }
        } catch (e: Exception) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "Error processing Tasker broadcast", e)
@@ -9,7 +9,8 @@ import android.content.Intent
 import android.widget.RemoteViews
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.R
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2RayServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.LauncherManager

 class WidgetProvider : AppWidgetProvider() {
    /**
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class WidgetProvider : AppWidgetProvider() {
     */
    override fun onUpdate(context: Context, appWidgetManager: AppWidgetManager, appWidgetIds: IntArray) {
        super.onUpdate(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetIds)
-        updateWidgetBackground(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetIds, V2RayServiceManager.isRunning())
+        updateWidgetBackground(context, appWidgetManager, appWidgetIds, CoreServiceManager.isRunning())
    }

    /**
@@ -67,10 +68,10 @@ class WidgetProvider : AppWidgetProvider() {
    override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
        super.onReceive(context, intent)
        if (AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_WIDGET_CLICK == intent.action) {
-            if (V2RayServiceManager.isRunning()) {
-                V2RayServiceManager.stopVService(context)
+            if (CoreServiceManager.isRunning()) {
+                LauncherManager.stopService(context)
            } else {
-                V2RayServiceManager.startVServiceFromToggle(context)
+                LauncherManager.startServiceFromToggle(context)
            }
        } else if (AppConfig.BROADCAST_ACTION_ACTIVITY == intent.action) {
            AppWidgetManager.getInstance(context)?.let { manager ->
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.root
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
+import kotlinx.coroutines.cancelAndJoin
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+
+
+object RootLanSharing {
+
+    private var lanSharingStarted = false
+    private var lanShareJob: Job? = null
+
+    /**
+     * Optional root feature: share the proxy with tethered LAN/USB clients while the
+     * device itself stays on the VpnService. Runs a dedicated client hev-socks5-tunnel
+     * off the main thread so the su calls don't block service startup.
+     * The cheap, usually-false preference is checked first so the common path
+     * short-circuits before touching root state.
+     */
+    fun startClientSharing(context: Context): Boolean {
+        if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ROOT_LAN_SHARING) && RootManager.cachedRoot()) {
+            if (lanShareJob != null) return false
+
+            lanSharingStarted = true
+            lanShareJob = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch { RootProxyManager.startClientSharing(context) }
+        }
+
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Remove LAN/tethering sharing rules + helper before stopping the core. Wait for the
+     * async setup to finish first, otherwise a stop during setup tears down before the
+     * rules are installed and they leak (orphan FORWARD/policy-routing rules + client tun).
+     */
+    fun stopClientSharing(context: Context) {
+        if (!lanSharingStarted) return
+
+        lanSharingStarted = false
+        runBlocking { lanShareJob?.cancelAndJoin() }
+        lanShareJob = null
+        RootProxyManager.stop(context)
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.root
+
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootManager.isRootAvailable
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootManager.refresh
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.withContext
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+/**
+ * Detects whether the device grants root (`su`) access.
+ *
+ * The result is cached after the first successful probe. Probing spawns `su` and
+ * blocks, so [refresh] (a suspending call on [Dispatchers.IO]) should be used from UI
+ * code; [isRootAvailable] may block and must not be called on the main thread the first time.
+ */
+object RootManager {
+
+    @Volatile
+    private var cached: Boolean? = null
+
+    /** Last known result without probing. Defaults to false when never probed. */
+    fun cachedRoot(): Boolean = cached ?: false
+
+    /**
+     * Returns whether root is available, probing once if unknown.
+     * May block while `su` is spawned; avoid calling on the main thread before a probe.
+     */
+    fun isRootAvailable(forceRefresh: Boolean = false): Boolean {
+        if (!forceRefresh) cached?.let { return it }
+        val result = probe()
+        cached = result
+        return result
+    }
+
+    /** Probes root off the main thread, updates the cache, and returns the result. */
+    suspend fun refresh(): Boolean = withContext(Dispatchers.IO) {
+        val result = probe()
+        cached = result
+        result
+    }
+
+    private fun probe(): Boolean {
+        return try {
+            val process = ProcessBuilder("su", "-c", "id -u")
+                .redirectErrorStream(true)
+                .start()
+            val output = process.inputStream.bufferedReader().use { it.readText() }.trim()
+            val finished = process.waitFor(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            if (!finished) {
+                process.destroy()
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "RootManager: su probe timed out")
+                return false
+            }
+            val isRoot = process.exitValue() == 0 && output.lineSequence().lastOrNull()?.trim() == "0"
+            LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "RootManager: root available = $isRoot")
+            isRoot
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "RootManager: no root access (${e.message})")
+            false
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,475 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.root
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.os.Process
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootProxyManager.TABLE
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootProxyManager.TUN
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootProxyManager.teardown
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.PackageUidResolver
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
+import java.io.File
+
+/**
+ * Installs and removes the iptables / ip-rule routing that pushes system-wide traffic
+ *
+ * A bundled `hev-socks5-tunnel` binary (run as root) creates a tun device and forwards it to
+ * the in-process core's SOCKS inbound; a mangle MARK chain plus a dedicated routing table /
+ * ip rule steer all traffic into the tun. Full TCP + UDP.
+ *
+ * All rules live in dedicated chains ([AppConfig.ROOT_IPTABLES_CHAIN] in the mangle
+ * table, [AppConfig.ROOT_FWD_CHAIN] for LAN sharing) plus a dedicated routing table, so
+ * [teardown] is a clean, bounded flush. Teardown runs before every setup (to clear stale
+ * rules) and on every stop path — leaving rules behind after the core dies would break
+ * the device's connectivity.
+ */
+object RootProxyManager {
+
+    private const val CHAIN = AppConfig.ROOT_IPTABLES_CHAIN
+    private const val TUN = AppConfig.ROOT_TUN_NAME
+    private const val TABLE = AppConfig.ROOT_ROUTE_TABLE
+    private const val PRIORITY = AppConfig.ROOT_RULE_PRIORITY
+    private const val FWMARK = AppConfig.ROOT_FWMARK
+    private const val MARK = AppConfig.ROOT_MARK_ROUTE
+
+    // Local / private / multicast destinations that must never be proxied.
+    private val bypassCidrs = listOf(
+        "0.0.0.0/8", "10.0.0.0/8", "127.0.0.0/8", "169.254.0.0/16",
+        "172.16.0.0/12", "192.168.0.0/16", "224.0.0.0/4", "240.0.0.0/4"
+    )
+
+    // IPv6 equivalents (loopback, link-local, ULA/private, multicast). Feeding the v4 list
+    // above to ip6tables silently fails, so the v6 chain needs its own.
+    private val bypassCidrsV6 = listOf(
+        "::1/128", "fe80::/10", "fc00::/7", "ff00::/8"
+    )
+
+    fun start(context: Context): Boolean {
+        teardown(context)
+        val script = buildTun2socksSetup(context) ?: return false
+        val result = RootShell.runScript(context, "setup_rules.sh", script)
+        if (!result.success) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "RootProxyManager: setup failed, rolling back:\n${result.output}")
+            teardown(context)
+            return false
+        }
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Set up LAN/tethering sharing while the device itself uses another mode (e.g. VPN
+     * mode). Runs a dedicated client tun2socks into the in-process core's SOCKS inbound
+     * and forwards tethered clients into it, WITHOUT capturing the device's own traffic
+     * (that keeps flowing through the VpnService). Requires root.
+     */
+    fun startClientSharing(context: Context): Boolean {
+        teardown(context)
+        val script = buildTun2socksSetup(context, captureDeviceTraffic = false, forceLanShare = true)
+            ?: return false
+        val result = RootShell.runScript(context, "setup_rules.sh", script)
+        if (!result.success) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "RootProxyManager: client sharing setup failed:\n${result.output}")
+            teardown(context)
+            return false
+        }
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "RootProxyManager: LAN client sharing installed")
+        return true
+    }
+
+    /** Remove all rules and stop helper processes. Safe to call repeatedly. */
+    fun stop(context: Context) {
+        teardown(context)
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "RootProxyManager: rules removed")
+    }
+
+    private fun teardown(context: Context) {
+        RootShell.runScript(context, "teardown_rules.sh", buildTeardown(context))
+    }
+
+    // --------------------------------------------------------------- TUN2SOCKS
+
+    /**
+     * @param captureDeviceTraffic when true (Root mode) the device's own OUTPUT traffic is
+     *   marked into the tun. When false (VPN-mode LAN sharing) the device keeps using the
+     *   VpnService and only forwarded clients are routed into this tun.
+     * @param forceLanShare force the LAN/tethering forward rules on regardless of the pref
+     *   (used by VPN-mode sharing, where the whole point is forwarding clients).
+     */
+    private fun buildTun2socksSetup(
+        context: Context,
+        captureDeviceTraffic: Boolean = true,
+        forceLanShare: Boolean = false,
+    ): String? {
+        val bin = File(context.applicationInfo.nativeLibraryDir, AppConfig.ROOT_TUN2SOCKS_BIN)
+        if (!bin.exists()) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "RootProxyManager: hev-socks5-tunnel binary missing at ${bin.absolutePath}")
+            return null
+        }
+        val appUid = context.applicationInfo.uid
+        val socksUsername = SettingsManager.getSocksUsername()
+        val socksPassword = SettingsManager.getSocksPassword()
+        val port = SettingsManager.getSocksPort()
+        val runDir = File(context.filesDir, AppConfig.ROOT_RUNTIME_DIR).apply { mkdirs() }
+        val pidFile = File(runDir, "tun2socks.pid").absolutePath
+        val logFile = File(runDir, "tun2socks.log").absolutePath
+        val cfgFile = File(runDir, "tun2socks.yml").absolutePath
+        val oomGuardPid = File(runDir, "oomguard.pid").absolutePath
+        val ipv6 = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_IPV6_ENABLED)
+        val lanShare = forceLanShare || MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_ROOT_LAN_SHARING)
+        val corePid = Process.myPid()
+
+        // Per-app proxy/bypass (mirrors what VpnService does via allowed/disallowed apps).
+        val perAppEnabled = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_PER_APP_PROXY)
+        val bypassApps = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_BYPASS_APPS)
+        val selectedUids = if (perAppEnabled) {
+            val pkgs = MmkvManager.decodeSettingsStringSet(AppConfig.PREF_PER_APP_PROXY_SET)?.toList().orEmpty()
+            if (pkgs.isNotEmpty()) PackageUidResolver.packageNamesToUids(context, pkgs) else emptyList()
+        } else {
+            emptyList()
+        }
+
+        return buildString {
+            appendLine("set -e")
+            appendLine("BIN='${bin.absolutePath}'")
+            // Protect the core (this app process) from the Android low-memory killer.
+            // system_server keeps recomputing oom_score_adj for app processes, so a single
+            // write would be reverted — re-pin it from a small root loop instead.
+            appendLine("nohup sh -c 'while true; do echo ${AppConfig.ROOT_OOM_SCORE} > /proc/$corePid/oom_score_adj 2>/dev/null; sleep 5; done' >/dev/null 2>&1 &")
+            appendLine("echo \$! > '$oomGuardPid'")
+            // tun device node
+            appendLine("if [ ! -e /dev/net/tun ]; then mkdir -p /dev/net; mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200; chmod 666 /dev/net/tun; fi")
+            // hev-socks5-tunnel config: it creates the tun ($TUN) itself and forwards it to the
+            // in-process core's SOCKS inbound on loopback. MTU comes from the existing VPN MTU
+            // setting. No fwmark on hev's sockets: its only upstream connection is to 127.0.0.1
+            // (loopback, already RETURNed by the 127.0.0.0/8 bypass) and the core's real outbound
+            // runs as the app uid (RETURNed by the uid-owner rule), so traffic can't loop.
+            appendLine("cat > '$cfgFile' <<'HEVCFG'")
+            append(buildHevConfig(socksUsername = socksUsername, socksPassword = socksPassword, socksPort = port, ipv6 = ipv6))
+            appendLine("HEVCFG")
+            appendLine("nohup \"\$BIN\" '$cfgFile' >'$logFile' 2>&1 &")
+            appendLine("T2S_PID=\$!")
+            appendLine("echo \$T2S_PID > '$pidFile'")
+            appendLine("echo ${AppConfig.ROOT_OOM_SCORE} > /proc/\$T2S_PID/oom_score_adj 2>/dev/null || true")
+            // wait for the interface hev creates to appear
+            appendLine("i=0; while [ \$i -lt 20 ]; do ip link show $TUN >/dev/null 2>&1 && break; sleep 0.3; i=\$((i+1)); done")
+            appendLine("ip link show $TUN >/dev/null 2>&1 || { echo 'tun device did not come up'; cat '$logFile' 2>/dev/null; exit 1; }")
+            // relax reverse-path filtering for the tun
+            appendLine("echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/$TUN/rp_filter 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/rp_filter 2>/dev/null || true")
+            // address + default route in a dedicated table
+            appendLine("ip addr add ${AppConfig.ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V4} dev $TUN 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip link set dev $TUN up")
+            appendLine("ip route replace default dev $TUN table $TABLE")
+            appendLine("ip rule add fwmark $MARK table $TABLE priority $PRIORITY")
+            // mark the device's own packets into the tun (Root mode only)
+            if (captureDeviceTraffic) {
+                append(buildMangleMarking("iptables", appUid, perAppEnabled, bypassApps, selectedUids))
+            }
+            // optionally route hotspot / USB-tethered clients through the tun too
+            if (lanShare) {
+                append(buildLanShareSetup(captureDeviceTraffic, ipv6))
+            }
+            if (captureDeviceTraffic) {
+                // IPv6 is best-effort: never fail the (working) IPv4 setup over it.
+                appendLine("set +e")
+                if (ipv6) {
+                    // route the device's v6 into the tun, same as v4
+                    appendLine("ip -6 addr add ${AppConfig.ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V6} dev $TUN 2>/dev/null || true")
+                    appendLine("ip -6 route replace default dev $TUN table $TABLE 2>/dev/null || true")
+                    appendLine("ip -6 rule add fwmark $MARK table $TABLE priority $PRIORITY 2>/dev/null || true")
+                    append(buildMangleMarking("ip6tables", appUid, perAppEnabled, bypassApps, selectedUids))
+                } else {
+                    // v6 disabled: blackhole native v6 egress for the captured apps so they
+                    // fall back to v4-through-proxy, matching what a v4-only VpnService does.
+                    append(buildV6Blackhole(appUid, perAppEnabled, bypassApps, selectedUids))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * hev-socks5-tunnel YAML config. hev creates the tun device named [TUN] itself, assigns it
+     * the tun addresses, and forwards everything it receives to the core's SOCKS inbound on
+     * loopback (TCP + UDP). MTU is taken from the existing VPN MTU setting. v6 is only given a
+     * tun address when IPv6 is enabled; whether v6 actually flows in is decided separately by
+     * the v6 route into [TABLE].
+     */
+    private fun buildHevConfig(socksUsername: String?, socksPassword: String?, socksPort: Int, ipv6: Boolean): String {
+        val v4 = AppConfig.ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V4.substringBefore("/")
+        val v6 = AppConfig.ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V6.substringBefore("/")
+        return buildString {
+            appendLine("tunnel:")
+            appendLine("  name: '$TUN'")
+            appendLine("  mtu: ${SettingsManager.getVpnMtu()}")
+            appendLine("  multi-queue: true")
+            appendLine("  ipv4: '$v4'")
+            if (ipv6) appendLine("  ipv6: '$v6'")
+            appendLine("socks5:")
+            appendLine("  port: $socksPort")
+            appendLine("  address: '${AppConfig.LOOPBACK}'")
+            appendLine("  udp: 'udp'")
+            if (socksUsername != null && socksPassword != null) {
+                appendLine("  username: '$socksUsername'")
+                appendLine("  password: '$socksPassword'")
+            }
+            appendLine("  tcp-fastopen: true")
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * mangle OUTPUT marking chain (ipv4/ipv6). Mirrors VpnService's capture behavior:
+     * - all-apps (no per-app): mark EVERY remaining uid (incl uid 0 + all system uids), so
+     *   nothing is missed;
+     * - bypass mode: the selected apps go fully direct, everything else is captured;
+     * - proxy mode: only the selected apps are captured.
+     */
+    private fun buildMangleMarking(
+        cmd: String,
+        appUid: Int,
+        perAppEnabled: Boolean,
+        bypassApps: Boolean,
+        selectedUids: List<String>,
+    ): String {
+        val allowMode = perAppEnabled && !bypassApps
+        val bypassSelected = perAppEnabled && bypassApps && selectedUids.isNotEmpty()
+        return buildString {
+            appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -N $CHAIN 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -F $CHAIN")
+            // the app's own core traffic (the real outbound) must not loop back into the tun.
+            // The $FWMARK RETURN is kept defensively (hev itself only talks to loopback, which
+            // the 127.0.0.0/8 bypass below already RETURNs).
+            appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A $CHAIN -m mark --mark $FWMARK -j RETURN")
+            appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A $CHAIN -m owner --uid-owner $appUid -j RETURN")
+            // bypass mode: selected apps go fully direct (incl their DNS)
+            if (bypassSelected) {
+                selectedUids.forEach { appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A $CHAIN -m owner --uid-owner $it -j RETURN") }
+            }
+            // Route DNS through the core for ALL modes, with no uid filter. On Android the
+            // DNS query is sent by netd (a shared system uid) on behalf of the app, not under
+            // the app's own uid, so it can't be attributed to a selected uid via owner-match.
+            // This MUST also run before the LAN-bypass RETURNs below, otherwise a query to a
+            // LAN/router resolver (192.168.x / 10.x) would be returned direct and resolved by
+            // the local ISP resolver (DNS leak + CDN mis-resolution, e.g. Instagram media).
+            // The MARK survives a later RETURN, so the marked query still routes into the tun.
+            appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A $CHAIN -p udp --dport 53 -j MARK --set-xmark $MARK")
+            appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A $CHAIN -p tcp --dport 53 -j MARK --set-xmark $MARK")
+            // keep LAN / private destinations direct (per-family CIDR list)
+            val cidrs = if (cmd == "ip6tables") bypassCidrsV6 else bypassCidrs
+            cidrs.forEach { appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A $CHAIN -d $it -j RETURN") }
+            if (allowMode) {
+                // Proxy ONLY the explicitly selected apps. If nothing resolved (e.g. the
+                // selected packages failed to resolve to uids at early boot), mark nothing
+                // instead of falling through to the catch-all below: a fail-open here would
+                // tunnel every unselected app — both a privacy leak and the "per-app proxies
+                // everything after a reboot" bug.
+                selectedUids.forEach { appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A $CHAIN -m owner --uid-owner $it -j MARK --set-xmark $MARK") }
+            } else {
+                // all-apps mode (per-app off) or bypass mode: capture EVERY remaining uid
+                // (incl uid 0 + system uids)
+                appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A $CHAIN -j MARK --set-xmark $MARK")
+            }
+            appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -D OUTPUT -j $CHAIN 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -A OUTPUT -j $CHAIN")
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Blackhole native IPv6 egress for the captured app population when IPv6 is NOT routed
+     * into the tun. A v4-only VpnService has no v6 route, so the kernel rejects apps' v6 and
+     * they fall back to IPv4; Root mode has to reproduce that explicitly, otherwise v6-capable
+     * apps reach destinations natively, bypassing the proxy / leaking. REJECT (not DROP) gives
+     * an instant failure so happy-eyeballs falls back to v4 without a timeout.
+     *
+     * Exemptions mirror the v4 chain: the tun2socks helper (fwmark), the app's own core (uid),
+     * loopback, link-local / multicast (NDP/RA/MLD) and ULA/LAN destinations. Per-app selection
+     * is honored: in bypass mode the bypassed apps keep native v6; in proxy mode only the
+     * selected apps lose v6 (everything else stays fully direct).
+     */
+    private fun buildV6Blackhole(
+        appUid: Int,
+        perAppEnabled: Boolean,
+        bypassApps: Boolean,
+        selectedUids: List<String>,
+    ): String {
+        val chain = AppConfig.ROOT_V6_CHAIN
+        val allowMode = perAppEnabled && !bypassApps
+        val bypassSelected = perAppEnabled && bypassApps && selectedUids.isNotEmpty()
+        val reject = "-j REJECT --reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited"
+        return buildString {
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -N $chain 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -F $chain")
+            // never touch the helper, the core, loopback, NDP/link-local/multicast or LAN
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -A $chain -m mark --mark $FWMARK -j RETURN")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -A $chain -m owner --uid-owner $appUid -j RETURN")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -A $chain -o lo -j RETURN")
+            bypassCidrsV6.forEach { appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -A $chain -d $it -j RETURN") }
+            // bypass mode: bypassed apps keep their native v6
+            if (bypassSelected) {
+                selectedUids.forEach { appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -A $chain -m owner --uid-owner $it -j RETURN") }
+            }
+            if (allowMode) {
+                // proxy mode: only the selected apps lose v6 (so they fall back to v4-via-proxy).
+                // None resolved -> reject nothing, mirroring the v4 chain's fail-closed handling.
+                selectedUids.forEach { appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -A $chain -m owner --uid-owner $it $reject") }
+            } else {
+                // all-apps / bypass: reject everyone left
+                appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -A $chain $reject")
+            }
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -D OUTPUT -j $chain 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -A OUTPUT -j $chain")
+        }
+    }
+
+    // -------------------------------------------------- LAN / tethering sharing
+
+    /**
+     * Route Wi-Fi-hotspot / USB-tethered clients through the tun as well (ipv4).
+     * Best-effort: wrapped in `set +e` so a failure here never breaks the working proxy.
+     * Mirrors Magic_V2Ray's hotspot rules (FORWARD accept, DNS DNAT, source-based policy
+     * routing for private client ranges, MSS clamp).
+     */
+    private fun buildLanShareSetup(captureDeviceTraffic: Boolean, ipv6: Boolean): String {
+        val fwd = AppConfig.ROOT_FWD_CHAIN
+        val dnsChain = AppConfig.ROOT_DNS_CHAIN
+        val v6fwd = AppConfig.ROOT_V6_FWD_CHAIN
+        val v6pre = AppConfig.ROOT_V6_PRE_CHAIN
+        // Use the app's configured remote DNS (first plain IPv4) as the DNAT target for
+        // tethered clients; fall back to the default when it's a DoH/DoT/IPv6 value that
+        // can't be a DNAT target.
+        val dns = SettingsManager.getRemoteDnsServers()
+            .firstOrNull { Utils.isPureIpAddress(it) && !it.contains(":") }
+            ?: AppConfig.ROOT_LAN_DNS
+        val lanCidrs = listOf("10.0.0.0/8", "172.16.0.0/12", "192.168.0.0/16")
+        return buildString {
+            appendLine("set +e")
+            appendLine("echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward 2>/dev/null || true")
+            // forward traffic to/from the tun
+            appendLine("iptables -N $fwd 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -F $fwd")
+            appendLine("iptables -A $fwd -i $TUN -j ACCEPT")
+            appendLine("iptables -A $fwd -o $TUN -j ACCEPT")
+            appendLine("iptables -D FORWARD -j $fwd 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -I FORWARD -j $fwd")
+            // clamp MSS to avoid TLS fragmentation overhead through the tunnel
+            appendLine("iptables -t mangle -D FORWARD -o $TUN -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1350 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -t mangle -A FORWARD -o $TUN -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1350")
+            // hijack tethered clients' DNS into a dedicated chain so it resolves through the
+            // tunnel; the chain keeps teardown independent of the resolver IP
+            appendLine("iptables -t nat -N $dnsChain 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -t nat -F $dnsChain")
+            lanCidrs.forEach {
+                appendLine("iptables -t nat -A $dnsChain ! -i $TUN -d $it -p udp --dport 53 -j DNAT --to $dns")
+            }
+            appendLine("iptables -t nat -D PREROUTING -j $dnsChain 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -j $dnsChain")
+            // policy routing: return-path via main, LAN direct, the rest via the tun table
+            appendLine("ip rule add iif lo goto 6000 pref 5000 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add iif $TUN lookup main suppress_prefixlength 0 pref 5010 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add iif $TUN goto 6000 pref 5020 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add to 10.0.0.0/8 lookup main pref 5025 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add to 172.16.0.0/12 lookup main pref 5026 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add to 192.168.0.0/16 lookup main pref 5027 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add from 10.0.0.0/8 lookup $TABLE pref 5030 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add from 172.16.0.0/12 lookup $TABLE pref 5040 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add from 192.168.0.0/16 lookup $TABLE pref 5050 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip rule add nop pref 6000 2>/dev/null || true")
+
+            // ---------------------------------------------------------- IPv6 clients
+            // Tethered/hotspot clients get a native (RA-assigned) global IPv6. The IPv4 rules
+            // above don't touch it, so it egresses the upstream interface directly, bypassing
+            // the proxy = IPv6 leak. Handle it explicitly (mirrors vincentng295/Magic_V2Ray
+            // cae4f7f): route it through the tun when v6 is enabled, reject it when it isn't.
+            appendLine("ip6tables -N $v6fwd 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -F $v6fwd")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -D FORWARD -j $v6fwd 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -I FORWARD -j $v6fwd")
+            if (ipv6) {
+                // When the device itself isn't capturing v6 (VPN-mode sharing) the tun table
+                // has no v6 default and the tun has no v6 address — add them so marked client
+                // v6 has somewhere to go. In Root mode the device-capture block already did.
+                if (!captureDeviceTraffic) {
+                    appendLine("ip -6 addr add ${AppConfig.ROOT_TUN_ADDR_V6} dev $TUN 2>/dev/null || true")
+                    appendLine("ip -6 route replace default dev $TUN table $TABLE 2>/dev/null || true")
+                    appendLine("ip -6 rule add fwmark $MARK table $TABLE priority $PRIORITY 2>/dev/null || true")
+                }
+                // allow forwarding to/from the tun
+                appendLine("ip6tables -A $v6fwd -i $TUN -j ACCEPT")
+                appendLine("ip6tables -A $v6fwd -o $TUN -j ACCEPT")
+                // mark forwarded (non-locally-sourced) client v6 into the tun table. DNS first
+                // so a query to a LAN/router resolver is still tunneled (MARK survives RETURN);
+                // keep loopback, link-local (NDP/RA) and ULA/multicast direct.
+                appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -N $v6pre 2>/dev/null || true")
+                appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -F $v6pre")
+                appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -A $v6pre ! -i $TUN -p udp --dport 53 -j MARK --set-xmark $MARK")
+                appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -A $v6pre ! -i $TUN -p tcp --dport 53 -j MARK --set-xmark $MARK")
+                bypassCidrsV6.forEach { appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -A $v6pre ! -i $TUN -d $it -j RETURN") }
+                appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -A $v6pre ! -i $TUN -j MARK --set-xmark $MARK")
+                appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -D PREROUTING -j $v6pre 2>/dev/null || true")
+                appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -j $v6pre")
+                // fail closed: any forwarded v6 that wasn't marked into the tun (e.g. the
+                // addrtype match is unavailable, or marking failed) is rejected rather than
+                // leaked straight out the upstream interface.
+                appendLine("ip6tables -A $v6fwd -j REJECT --reject-with icmp6-no-route")
+            } else {
+                // v6 disabled: reject forwarded clients' native v6 so it can't leak past the
+                // proxy (the device's own v6 is blackholed separately in OUTPUT).
+                appendLine("ip6tables -A $v6fwd -j REJECT --reject-with icmp6-no-route")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ---------------------------------------------------------------- teardown
+
+    private fun buildTeardown(context: Context): String {
+        val runDir = File(context.filesDir, AppConfig.ROOT_RUNTIME_DIR)
+        val pidFile = File(runDir, "tun2socks.pid").absolutePath
+        val oomGuardPid = File(runDir, "oomguard.pid").absolutePath
+        val corePid = Process.myPid()
+        return buildString {
+            // mangle (TUN2SOCKS), both families
+            for (cmd in listOf("iptables", "ip6tables")) {
+                appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -D OUTPUT -j $CHAIN 2>/dev/null || true")
+                appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -F $CHAIN 2>/dev/null || true")
+                appendLine("$cmd -t mangle -X $CHAIN 2>/dev/null || true")
+            }
+            // IPv6 blackhole chain (only set up when v6 is disabled; harmless if absent)
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -D OUTPUT -j ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -F ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t filter -X ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            // routing rule + table
+            appendLine("ip rule del fwmark $MARK table $TABLE priority $PRIORITY 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip -6 rule del fwmark $MARK table $TABLE priority $PRIORITY 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip route flush table $TABLE 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip -6 route flush table $TABLE 2>/dev/null || true")
+            // LAN / tethering sharing (always cleaned, harmless if it was never set up)
+            appendLine("iptables -D FORWARD -j ${AppConfig.ROOT_FWD_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -F ${AppConfig.ROOT_FWD_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -X ${AppConfig.ROOT_FWD_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -t mangle -D FORWARD -o $TUN -p tcp --tcp-flags SYN,RST SYN -j TCPMSS --set-mss 1350 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -t nat -D PREROUTING -j ${AppConfig.ROOT_DNS_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -t nat -F ${AppConfig.ROOT_DNS_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("iptables -t nat -X ${AppConfig.ROOT_DNS_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            // IPv6 LAN-sharing chains (forward accept/reject + forwarded-client marking)
+            appendLine("ip6tables -D FORWARD -j ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_FWD_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -F ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_FWD_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -X ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_FWD_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -D PREROUTING -j ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_PRE_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -F ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_PRE_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("ip6tables -t mangle -X ${AppConfig.ROOT_V6_PRE_CHAIN} 2>/dev/null || true")
+            for (pref in listOf(5000, 5010, 5020, 5025, 5026, 5027, 5030, 5040, 5050, 6000)) {
+                appendLine("ip rule del pref $pref 2>/dev/null || true")
+            }
+            // tun device down + helper process
+            appendLine("ip link set dev $TUN down 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("[ -f '$pidFile' ] && kill \$(cat '$pidFile') 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("rm -f '$pidFile'")
+            // stop the OOM re-pin loop and restore the core process's LMK priority
+            appendLine("[ -f '$oomGuardPid' ] && kill \$(cat '$oomGuardPid') 2>/dev/null || true")
+            appendLine("rm -f '$oomGuardPid'")
+            appendLine("echo 0 > /proc/$corePid/oom_score_adj 2>/dev/null || true")
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.root
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import java.io.File
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+
+/**
+ * Minimal root command runner backed by the `su` binary.
+ *
+ * Scripts are written to the app's private root runtime dir and executed with
+ * `su -c sh <file>` so shell quoting stays simple. stderr is merged into stdout to
+ * avoid pipe-buffer deadlocks.
+ */
+object RootShell {
+
+    data class Result(val code: Int, val output: String) {
+        val success: Boolean get() = code == 0
+    }
+
+    /** Write [script] to `<filesDir>/root/<name>` and run it as root. */
+    fun runScript(context: Context, name: String, script: String): Result {
+        val dir = File(context.filesDir, AppConfig.ROOT_RUNTIME_DIR).apply { mkdirs() }
+        val file = File(dir, name).apply {
+            writeText(script)
+            setExecutable(true, false)
+        }
+        val safePath = file.absolutePath.replace("'", "'\\''")
+        return exec("sh '$safePath'")
+    }
+
+    private fun exec(command: String, timeoutSeconds: Long = 30): Result {
+        return try {
+            val process = ProcessBuilder("su", "-c", command)
+                .redirectErrorStream(true)
+                .start()
+            val output = process.inputStream.bufferedReader().use { it.readText() }
+            val finished = process.waitFor(timeoutSeconds, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            if (!finished) {
+                process.destroy()
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "RootShell: timed out: $command")
+                return Result(-1, output)
+            }
+            val result = Result(process.exitValue(), output)
+            if (!result.success) {
+                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "RootShell: '$command' exited ${result.code}: ${output.trim()}")
+            }
+            result
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "RootShell: failed to run '$command'", e)
+            Result(-1, e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName)
+        }
+    }
+}
@@ -6,20 +6,21 @@ import android.content.Intent
 import android.os.IBinder
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.ServiceControl
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.NotificationManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2RayServiceManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.MyContextWrapper
 import java.lang.ref.SoftReference

-class V2RayProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
+class CoreProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
    /**
     * Initializes the service.
     */
    override fun onCreate() {
        super.onCreate()
        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Proxy: Service created")
-        V2RayServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
+        CoreServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
    }

    /**
@@ -30,8 +31,15 @@ class V2RayProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
     * @return The start mode.
     */
    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
+        NotificationManager.ensureForeground()
        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Proxy: Service command received")
-        V2RayServiceManager.startCoreLoop(null)
+
+        if (!CoreServiceManager.startCoreLoop(null)) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Proxy: Failed to start core loop")
+            stopSelf()
+            return START_NOT_STICKY
+        }
+
        return START_STICKY
    }

@@ -40,7 +48,7 @@ class V2RayProxyOnlyService : Service(), ServiceControl {
     */
    override fun onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy()
-        V2RayServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()
+        CoreServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()
    }

    /**
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.service
+
+import android.app.Service
+import android.content.Context
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.IBinder
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.ServiceControl
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.NotificationManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootProxyManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.MyContextWrapper
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
+import kotlinx.coroutines.cancelAndJoin
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import kotlinx.coroutines.runBlocking
+import java.lang.ref.SoftReference
+
+/**
+ * Foreground service for the root (system-wide) run modes. Unlike [CoreVpnService] it
+ * does not use Android VpnService — traffic is routed by iptables instead
+ * (see [RootProxyManager]).
+ *
+ * The in-process core is started first (so its listener is up and the foreground
+ * notification is posted promptly), then the root routing rules are installed off the
+ * main thread. On teardown the rules are removed before the core stops.
+ */
+class CoreRootService : Service(), ServiceControl {
+
+    private var setupJob: Job? = null
+
+    override fun onCreate() {
+        super.onCreate()
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Root: Service created")
+        CoreServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
+    }
+
+    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
+        NotificationManager.ensureForeground()
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Root: command received")
+
+        // Start the in-process core first (this also posts the foreground notification),
+        // then install the root routing off the main thread.
+        if (!CoreServiceManager.startCoreLoop(null)) {
+            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Root: core failed to start")
+            stopService()
+            return START_NOT_STICKY
+        }
+
+        setupJob = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO).launch {
+            if (!RootProxyManager.start(this@CoreRootService)) {
+                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-Root: failed to start root mode, stopping")
+                stopService()
+            }
+        }
+
+        return START_STICKY
+    }
+
+    override fun onDestroy() {
+        super.onDestroy()
+        // Wait for any in-flight async setup to finish before tearing down. The rules are
+        // installed off the main thread and can take seconds (the setup script waits for the
+        // tun to appear); if a stop arrives during that window, teardown would run first and
+        // the setup would then re-install the rules + tun pointing at a now-dead core,
+        // blackholing all traffic until the next start/stop cycle clears it.
+        runBlocking { setupJob?.cancelAndJoin() }
+        // Remove routing rules BEFORE stopping the core so traffic is never redirected
+        // to a dead listener. Synchronous on purpose — leaving rules behind breaks the net.
+        RootProxyManager.stop(this)
+        CoreServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()
+    }
+
+    override fun getService(): Service = this
+
+    override fun startService() {
+        // do nothing
+    }
+
+    override fun stopService() {
+        stopSelf()
+    }
+
+    override fun vpnProtect(socket: Int): Boolean = true
+
+    override fun onBind(intent: Intent?): IBinder? = null
+
+    override fun attachBaseContext(newBase: Context?) {
+        val context = newBase?.let {
+            MyContextWrapper.wrap(newBase, SettingsManager.getLocale())
+        }
+        super.attachBaseContext(context)
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.service
+
+import android.app.PendingIntent
+import android.app.Service
+import android.content.Intent
+import android.os.IBinder
+import androidx.core.app.NotificationCompat
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.R
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreNativeManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.RealPingEvent
+import com.v2ray.ang.dto.TestServiceMessage
+import com.v2ray.ang.enums.NotificationChannelType
+import com.v2ray.ang.extension.serializable
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.AngConfigManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.helper.MessageHelper
+import com.v2ray.ang.helper.NotificationHelper
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import java.util.Collections
+
+class CoreTestService : Service() {
+
+    // manage active batch workers so each batch is independent and cancellable
+    private val activeWorkers = Collections.synchronizedList(mutableListOf<RealPingWorkerService>())
+    private val cancelAction by lazy {
+        val intent = Intent(this, CoreTestService::class.java).putExtra(
+            "content",
+            TestServiceMessage(AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL)
+        )
+        val pendingIntent = PendingIntent.getService(
+            this,
+            NotificationChannelType.CORE_TEST.notificationId,
+            intent,
+            PendingIntent.FLAG_UPDATE_CURRENT or PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE
+        )
+        NotificationCompat.Action.Builder(
+            R.drawable.ic_stop_24dp,
+            getString(android.R.string.cancel),
+            pendingIntent
+        ).build()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes the V2Ray environment.
+     */
+    override fun onCreate() {
+        super.onCreate()
+        CoreNativeManager.initCoreEnv(this)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Binds the service.
+     * @param intent The intent.
+     * @return The binder.
+     */
+    override fun onBind(intent: Intent?): IBinder? {
+        return null
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Cleans up resources when the service is destroyed.
+     */
+    override fun onDestroy() {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "CoreTestService is being destroyed, cancelling ${activeWorkers.size} active workers")
+        // cancel any active workers
+        val snapshot = ArrayList(activeWorkers)
+        snapshot.forEach { it.cancel() }
+        activeWorkers.clear()
+        NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this)
+        super.onDestroy()
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Handles the start command for the service.
+     * @param intent The intent.
+     * @param flags The flags.
+     * @param startId The start ID.
+     * @return The start mode.
+     */
+    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
+        NotificationHelper.startForeground(
+            this,
+            NotificationChannelType.CORE_TEST,
+            getString(R.string.app_name),
+            getString(R.string.title_real_ping_all_server),
+            cancelAction
+        )
+        val message = intent?.serializable<TestServiceMessage>("content")
+        if (message == null) {
+            stopSelf(startId)
+            return START_NOT_STICKY
+        }
+
+        when (message.key) {
+            AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_START -> handleMeasureStart(message, startId)
+            AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_CANCEL -> handleMeasureCancel()
+            else -> {
+                NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this); stopSelf(startId)
+            }
+        }
+        return START_NOT_STICKY
+    }
+
+    private fun handleMeasureStart(message: TestServiceMessage, startId: Int) {
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "CoreTestService starting worker   subscription ${message.subscriptionId}")
+
+        val guidsList = when {
+            message.serverGuids.isNotEmpty() -> message.serverGuids
+            message.subscriptionId.isNotEmpty() -> MmkvManager.decodeServerList(message.subscriptionId)
+            else -> MmkvManager.decodeAllServerList()
+        }
+
+        if (guidsList.isNotEmpty()) {
+            lateinit var worker: RealPingWorkerService
+            worker = RealPingWorkerService(
+                context = this,
+                guids = guidsList,
+                onlyTcp = message.onlyTcp,
+                onEvent = { event -> handleWorkerEvent(event, message) { activeWorkers.remove(worker) } }
+            )
+            activeWorkers.add(worker)
+            worker.start()
+        } else {
+            NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this)
+            stopSelf(startId)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun handleWorkerEvent(event: RealPingEvent, message: TestServiceMessage, onWorkerDone: () -> Unit) {
+        when (event) {
+            is RealPingEvent.Progress -> {
+                NotificationHelper.updateNotification(
+                    channelType = NotificationChannelType.CORE_TEST,
+                    context = this,
+                    title = getString(R.string.app_name),
+                    content = getString(R.string.connection_running_task_left, event.text)
+                )
+                MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(this, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_NOTIFY, event.text)
+            }
+
+            is RealPingEvent.Result -> {
+                MmkvManager.encodeServerTestDelayMillis(event.guid, event.delayMillis)
+                MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(this, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_SUCCESS, event.guid)
+            }
+
+            is RealPingEvent.Finish -> {
+                if(message.subscriptionId.isNotEmpty()){
+                    if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_AUTO_REMOVE_INVALID_AFTER_TEST, false)) {
+                        AngConfigManager.removeInvalidServer(message.subscriptionId)
+                    }
+
+                    if (MmkvManager.decodeSettingsBool(AppConfig.PREF_AUTO_SORT_AFTER_TEST, false)) {
+                        AngConfigManager.sortByTestResultsForSub(message.subscriptionId)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(this, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_FINISH, event.status)
+                onWorkerDone()
+                if (activeWorkers.isEmpty()) {
+                    NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this)
+                    stopSelf()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun handleMeasureCancel() {
+        MessageHelper.sendMsg2UI(this, AppConfig.MSG_MEASURE_CONFIG_FINISH, "0")
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "CoreTestService received cancel message, cancelling ${activeWorkers.size} active workers")
+        val snapshot = ArrayList(activeWorkers)
+        snapshot.forEach { it.cancel() }
+        activeWorkers.clear()
+        NotificationHelper.stopForeground(this)
+        stopSelf()
+    }
+}
@@ -5,79 +5,41 @@ import android.app.Service
 import android.content.Context
 import android.content.Intent
 import android.content.pm.PackageManager
-import android.net.ConnectivityManager
 import android.net.Network
-import android.net.NetworkCapabilities
-import android.net.NetworkRequest
 import android.net.ProxyInfo
 import android.net.VpnService
 import android.os.Build
 import android.os.ParcelFileDescriptor
 import android.os.StrictMode
-import androidx.annotation.RequiresApi
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig.LOOPBACK
 import com.v2ray.ang.BuildConfig
 import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.ServiceControl
 import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.Tun2SocksControl
+import com.v2ray.ang.core.CoreServiceManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.MmkvManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.NotificationManager
 import com.v2ray.ang.handler.SettingsManager
-import com.v2ray.ang.handler.V2RayServiceManager
+import com.v2ray.ang.root.RootLanSharing
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.MyContextWrapper
 import com.v2ray.ang.util.Utils
 import java.lang.ref.SoftReference
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean

@SuppressLint("VpnServicePolicy")
-class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
+class CoreVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
    private lateinit var mInterface: ParcelFileDescriptor
    private var isRunning = false
    private var tun2SocksService: Tun2SocksControl? = null
-
-    /**destroy
-     * Unfortunately registerDefaultNetworkCallback is going to return our VPN interface: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/dda156ab0c5d66ad82bdcf76cda07cbc0a9c8a2e
-     *
-     * This makes doing a requestNetwork with REQUEST necessary so that we don't get ALL possible networks that
-     * satisfies default network capabilities but only THE default network. Unfortunately we need to have
-     * android.permission.CHANGE_NETWORK_STATE to be able to call requestNetwork.
-     *
-     * Source: https://android.googlesource.com/platform/frameworks/base/+/2df4c7d/services/core/java/com/android/server/ConnectivityService.java#887
-     */
-    @delegate:RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.P)
-    private val defaultNetworkRequest by lazy {
-        NetworkRequest.Builder()
-            .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
-            .addCapability(NetworkCapabilities.NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_RESTRICTED)
-            .build()
-    }
-
-    private val connectivity by lazy { getSystemService(CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE) as ConnectivityManager }
-
-    @delegate:RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.P)
-    private val defaultNetworkCallback by lazy {
-        object : ConnectivityManager.NetworkCallback() {
-            override fun onAvailable(network: Network) {
-                setUnderlyingNetworks(arrayOf(network))
-            }
-
-            override fun onCapabilitiesChanged(network: Network, networkCapabilities: NetworkCapabilities) {
-                // it's a good idea to refresh capabilities
-                setUnderlyingNetworks(arrayOf(network))
-            }
-
-            override fun onLost(network: Network) {
-                setUnderlyingNetworks(null)
-            }
-        }
-    }
+    private val isStartingLock = AtomicBoolean(false)

    override fun onCreate() {
        super.onCreate()
        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Service created")
        val policy = StrictMode.ThreadPolicy.Builder().permitAll().build()
        StrictMode.setThreadPolicy(policy)
-        V2RayServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
+        CoreServiceManager.serviceControl = SoftReference(this)
    }

    override fun onRevoke() {
@@ -108,15 +70,31 @@ class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
            }
        }

+        unlockStart()
        NotificationManager.cancelNotification()
    }

    override fun onStartCommand(intent: Intent?, flags: Int, startId: Int): Int {
-        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Service command received")
-        setupVpnService()
+        NotificationManager.ensureForeground()
+        // Always-on VPN restarts from OS deliver intent.action == SERVICE_INTERFACE or null intent.
+        // Reset any stuck start lock left by a killed process to allow setupVpnService() to run.
+        val isSystemVpnStart = intent == null || intent.action == SERVICE_INTERFACE
+        if (isSystemVpnStart) {
+            unlockStart()
+        }
+        if (!tryLockStart()) {
+            LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Start already in progress")
+            return START_NOT_STICKY
+        }
+        LogUtil.i(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Service command received, systemVpnStart=$isSystemVpnStart")
+        if (!setupVpnService()) {
+            unlockStart()
+            // Stop service if setup fails to avoid infinite restart loops (START_STICKY)
+            stopSelf()
+            return START_NOT_STICKY
+        }
        startService()
        return START_STICKY
-        //return super.onStartCommand(intent, flags, startId)
    }

    override fun getService(): Service {
@@ -128,11 +106,14 @@ class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Interface not initialized")
            return
        }
-        if (!V2RayServiceManager.startCoreLoop(mInterface)) {
+        if (!CoreServiceManager.startCoreLoop(mInterface)) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to start core loop")
            stopAllService()
            return
        }
+
+        // Start LAN sharing if enabled in settings
+        RootLanSharing.startClientSharing(this)
    }

    override fun stopService() {
@@ -143,6 +124,10 @@ class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
        return protect(socket)
    }

+    override fun setUnderlyingNetworks(networks: Array<Network>?): Boolean {
+        return super<VpnService>.setUnderlyingNetworks(networks)
+    }
+
    override fun attachBaseContext(newBase: Context?) {
        val context = newBase?.let {
            MyContextWrapper.wrap(newBase, SettingsManager.getLocale())
@@ -154,21 +139,20 @@ class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
     * Sets up the VPN service.
     * Prepares the VPN and configures it if preparation is successful.
     */
-    private fun setupVpnService() {
+    private fun setupVpnService(): Boolean {
        val prepare = prepare(this)
        if (prepare != null) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Permission not granted")
-            stopSelf()
-            return
+            return false
        }

        if (configureVpnService() != true) {
            LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Configuration failed")
-            stopSelf()
-            return
+            return false
        }

        runTun2socks()
+        return true
    }

    /**
@@ -253,7 +237,7 @@ class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
            }
        }

-        builder.setSession(V2RayServiceManager.getRunningServerName())
+        //builder.setSession(V2RayServiceManager.getRunningServerName())
    }

    /**
@@ -262,15 +246,6 @@ class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
     * @param builder The VPN Builder to configure
     */
    private fun configurePlatformFeatures(builder: Builder) {
-        // Android P (API 28) and above: Configure network callbacks
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
-            try {
-                connectivity.requestNetwork(defaultNetworkRequest, defaultNetworkCallback)
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                LogUtil.e(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to request network", e)
-            }
-        }
-
        // Android Q (API 29) and above: Configure metering and HTTP proxy
        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.Q) {
            builder.setMetered(false)
@@ -349,19 +324,15 @@ class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
 //        val emptyInfo = VpnNetworkInfo()
 //        val info = loadVpnNetworkInfo(configName, emptyInfo)!! + (lastNetworkInfo ?: emptyInfo)
 //        saveVpnNetworkInfo(configName, info)
+        unlockStart()
        isRunning = false
-        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.P) {
-            try {
-                connectivity.unregisterNetworkCallback(defaultNetworkCallback)
-            } catch (e: Exception) {
-                LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: Failed to unregister callback", e)
-            }
-        }

        tun2SocksService?.stopTun2Socks()
        tun2SocksService = null

-        V2RayServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()
+        RootLanSharing.stopClientSharing(this)
+
+        CoreServiceManager.stopCoreLoop()

        if (isForced) {
            //stopSelf has to be called ahead of mInterface.close(). otherwise v2ray core cannot be stooped
@@ -390,5 +361,14 @@ class V2RayVpnService : VpnService(), ServiceControl {
            }
        }
    }
-}

+    fun tryLockStart(): Boolean {
+        LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: tryLockStart: ${isStartingLock.get()}")
+        return isStartingLock.compareAndSet(false, true)
+    }
+
+    fun unlockStart() {
+        isStartingLock.set(false)
+        LogUtil.w(AppConfig.TAG, "StartCore-VPN: unlockStart")
+    }
+}
@@ -0,0 +1,775 @@
+package com.v2ray.ang.service
+
+import android.content.Context
+import com.v2ray.ang.AppConfig
+import com.v2ray.ang.contracts.IDialerService
+import com.v2ray.ang.util.LogUtil
+import kotlinx.coroutines.CoroutineScope
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Dispatchers
+import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
+import kotlinx.coroutines.SupervisorJob
+import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
+import kotlinx.coroutines.isActive
+import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
+import okhttp3.Call
+import okhttp3.OkHttpClient
+import okhttp3.Request
+import okhttp3.RequestBody.Companion.toRequestBody
+import okhttp3.Response
+import okhttp3.WebSocket
+import okhttp3.WebSocketListener
+import okio.Buffer
+import okio.ByteString
+import okio.ByteString.Companion.toByteString
+import org.json.JSONArray
+import org.json.JSONObject
+import java.io.EOFException
+import java.net.SocketException
+import java.net.URI
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong
+
+// This class is responsible for forwarding xray's HTTP/WS requests through okhttp,
+// so that its TLS and traffic characteristics are okhttp instead of golang/utls.
+// Only WS and xhttp package-up are supported for now.
+// ws:
+// DialerNativeService connects to the control WebSocket provided by the xray core.
+// Then xray sends a task message with method "WS" and the server URL to the control WebSocket.
+// DialerNativeService opens a WebSocket connection to the server URL, and forwards messages between the control WebSocket and the target WebSocket.
+// xhttp(package-up):
+// A task message with streaming down (method == "GET" and streamResponse == true), let's call it Task A.
+// A task message with unary down (streamResponse == false), let's call it Task B.
+// 1. DialerNativeService connects to the control WebSocket provided by the xray core.
+// 2. Xray sends Task A, DialerNativeService sends "ok" and connects to the target URL, then sends the "GET" request to the server; let's call this "Connection A".
+// 3. Xray sends a Task B, called B_1. DialerNativeService sends "ok" and sends the data body to the target URL. Whatever the response is, DialerNativeService sends "ok" or "fail" back to the control WebSocket and closes the connection for Task B_1.
+// 4. The server returns the response for Task B_1 through Connection A, and DialerNativeService forwards the response body to the control WebSocket.
+// 5. Xray sends another Task B, called B_2.
+// ...
+// Finally, the xray client core sends all data through the B_1, B_2, ... tasks.
+// The server closes Connection A, and DialerNativeService closes Task A.
+// The above is a complete cycle.
+class DialerNativeService : IDialerService {
+    companion object {
+        private const val DEBUG_LOG = false
+        private val NEXT_SOCKET_ID = AtomicLong(0L)
+
+        private const val CONTROL_SOCKET_IDLE = 0
+        private const val CONTROL_SOCKET_OPENING = 1
+        private const val CONTROL_LOOP_DELAY_MS = 1000L
+        private const val UNARY_BODY_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS = 15_000L
+        private val TOKEN_REGEX = Regex("""/websocket\?token=([^"'\s]+)""")
+        private val METHODS_WITHOUT_BODY = setOf("GET", "HEAD")
+        private val HEADERS_BLACKLIST = hashSetOf(
+            // AI suggest:
+            "host",
+            "content-length",
+            "transfer-encoding",
+            "content-encoding",
+            "connection",
+            "upgrade",
+            "sec-websocket-key",
+            "sec-websocket-version",
+            "sec-websocket-protocol",
+            "Timing-Allow-Origin",
+            // xray
+            "Set-Cookie",
+            "Cookie",
+            "Origin",
+            "Sec-CH-UA",
+            "Sec-CH-UA-Mobile",
+            "Sec-CH-UA-Platform",
+            "DNT",
+            "User-Agent",
+            "Accept-Language",
+            "Cache-Control",
+            "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Site",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Mode",
+            "Sec-Fetch-User",
+            "Sec-Fetch-Dest",
+            "Referer",
+            "Accept",
+            "Priority",
+            "Pragma",
+            "Access-Control-Allow-Origin",
+            "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials",
+            "Access-Control-Allow-Methods",
+            "Access-Control-Allow-Headers",
+            "Access-Control-Expose-Headers",
+            "Access-Control-Max-Age",
+        )
+    }
+
+    @Volatile
+    private var serviceJob = SupervisorJob()
+
+    @Volatile
+    private var scope = CoroutineScope(serviceJob + Dispatchers.IO)
+    private val running = AtomicBoolean(false)
+    private val controlSocketState = AtomicInteger(CONTROL_SOCKET_IDLE)
+    private val controlSockets = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet<WebSocket>()
+
+    @Volatile
+    private var controlUrl: String? = null
+    private var loopJob: Job? = null
+    private var client: OkHttpClient? = null
+
+    @Suppress("UNUSED_PARAMETER")
+    override fun start(context: Context, dialerAddr: String) {
+        stop()
+        serviceJob = SupervisorJob()
+        scope = CoroutineScope(serviceJob + Dispatchers.IO)
+        if (dialerAddr.isEmpty()) return
+
+        val nativeClient = OkHttpClient.Builder()
+            .retryOnConnectionFailure(true)
+            .pingInterval(25, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            .connectTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            .writeTimeout(60, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
+            .readTimeout(0, TimeUnit.SECONDS)  // Disable read timeout for long-running streams
+            .build()
+
+        client = nativeClient
+        running.set(true)
+        loopJob = scope.launch {
+            val resolvedControlUrl = resolveControlWsUrl(dialerAddr, nativeClient)
+            if (resolvedControlUrl == null) {
+                debug(
+                    "BrowserDialer: failed to resolve control url from dialer endpoint: $dialerAddr"
+                )
+                running.set(false)
+                return@launch
+            }
+            controlUrl = resolvedControlUrl
+            debug("BrowserDialer: started dialerAddr=$dialerAddr controlUrl=$resolvedControlUrl idleGate=${controlSocketState.get()}")
+            maintainControlSocketPool()
+            while (isActive && running.get()) {
+                maintainControlSocketPool()
+                delay(CONTROL_LOOP_DELAY_MS)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    override fun stop() {
+        running.set(false)
+        loopJob?.cancel()
+        loopJob = null
+        serviceJob.cancel()
+
+        debug("BrowserDialer: stopping ${poolState()} controlUrl=$controlUrl")
+
+        controlSockets.toTypedArray().forEach { socket ->
+            runCatching { socket.close(1000, "stopped") }
+        }
+        controlSockets.clear()
+
+        controlSocketState.set(CONTROL_SOCKET_IDLE)
+        controlUrl = null
+
+        serviceJob = SupervisorJob()
+        scope = CoroutineScope(serviceJob + Dispatchers.IO)
+
+        val oldClient = client
+        client = null
+        oldClient?.dispatcher?.cancelAll()
+        oldClient?.connectionPool?.evictAll()
+    }
+
+    private fun maintainControlSocketPool() {
+        debug("BrowserDialer: maintaining single idle control socket ${poolState()}")
+        openControlSocket()
+    }
+
+    private fun openControlSocket(): Boolean {
+        val localClient = client ?: return false
+        if (!running.get()) return false
+        val url = controlUrl ?: return false
+        if (!controlSocketState.compareAndSet(
+                CONTROL_SOCKET_IDLE,
+                CONTROL_SOCKET_OPENING
+            )
+        ) return false
+
+        val request = Request.Builder().url(url).build()
+        return runCatching {
+            val socket = localClient.newWebSocket(request, ControlSocketListener(url))
+            controlSockets.add(socket)
+            debug("BrowserDialer: opening control socket url=$url ${poolState()}")
+            true
+        }.getOrElse {
+            controlSocketState.set(CONTROL_SOCKET_IDLE)
+            debug("BrowserDialer: failed to open control socket", it)
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun poolState(): String {
+        return "idleGate=${controlSocketState.get()} liveSockets=${controlSockets.size}"
+    }
+
+    private fun debug(message: String, throwable: Throwable? = null) {
+        @Suppress("KotlinConstantConditions")
+        if (!DEBUG_LOG) return
+        if (throwable == null) {
+            LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, message)
+        } else {
+            LogUtil.d(AppConfig.TAG, message, throwable)
+        }
+    }
+
+    private fun resolveControlWsUrl(rawAddr: String, probeClient: OkHttpClient): String? {
+        val uri = parseDialerUri(rawAddr) ?: return null
+        val probeUrl = buildDialerProbeUrl(rawAddr) ?: return null
+        val request = Request.Builder().url(probeUrl).get().build()
+        val token = runCatching {
+            probeClient.newCall(request).execute().use { response ->
+                if (!response.isSuccessful) return null
+                extractControlToken(response.body.string())
+            }
+        }.getOrNull() ?: return null
+        val host = uri.host ?: return null
+        return URI(
+            "ws",
+            uri.userInfo,
+            host,
+            uri.port,
+            "/websocket",
+            "token=$token",
+            null
+        ).toString()
+    }
+
+    private fun buildDialerProbeUrl(rawAddr: String): String? {
+        val normalized = rawAddr.trim()
+        if (normalized.isEmpty()) return null
+
+        val uri = parseDialerUri(normalized) ?: return null
+        val host = uri.host ?: return null
+        val probeScheme = when (uri.scheme?.lowercase()) {
+            "https", "wss" -> "https"
+            else -> "http"
+        }
+        return URI(probeScheme, uri.userInfo, host, uri.port, "/", null, null).toString()
+    }
+
+    private fun parseDialerUri(rawAddr: String): URI? {
+        val normalized = rawAddr.trim()
+        if (normalized.isEmpty()) return null
+        return runCatching {
+            if (normalized.contains("://")) URI(normalized) else URI("http://$normalized")
+        }.getOrNull()
+    }
+
+    private fun extractControlToken(html: String): String? {
+        val match = TOKEN_REGEX.find(html) ?: return null
+        return match.groupValues.getOrNull(1)?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+    }
+
+    private inner class ControlSocketListener(
+        private val controlUrl: String
+    ) : WebSocketListener() {
+        private val socketId = if (DEBUG_LOG) NEXT_SOCKET_ID.incrementAndGet() else 0L
+        private val taskAccepted = AtomicBoolean(false)
+        private val closed = AtomicBoolean(false)
+        private val taskStartedAtMs = AtomicLong(0L)
+
+        @Volatile
+        private var taskKind = "none"
+        private var upstreamSocket: WebSocket? = null
+        private var upstreamCall: Call? = null
+        private var timeoutJob: Job? = null
+        private var binaryHandler: ((ByteArray) -> Unit)? = null
+        private var textHandler: ((String) -> Unit)? = null
+
+        override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
+            debug("BrowserDialer: control socket opened socketId=$socketId url=$controlUrl ${poolState()}")
+        }
+
+        override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
+            if (taskAccepted.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                controlSocketState.set(CONTROL_SOCKET_IDLE)
+                debug(
+                    "BrowserDialer: control socket accepted task socketId=$socketId url=$controlUrl textSize=${text.length} ${poolState()}"
+                )
+                tryOpenNextControlSocket()
+                handleTask(webSocket, BrowserDialerTask.parse(text))
+                return
+            }
+            textHandler?.invoke(text)
+        }
+
+        override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, bytes: ByteString) {
+            if (!taskAccepted.get()) {
+                failAndClose(webSocket, 1002, "task must be text json")
+                return
+            }
+            binaryHandler?.invoke(bytes.toByteArray())
+        }
+
+        override fun onClosed(webSocket: WebSocket, code: Int, reason: String) {
+            cleanup(webSocket)
+        }
+
+        override fun onFailure(webSocket: WebSocket, t: Throwable, response: Response?) {
+            val status = response?.code?.toString() ?: "no-http-response"
+            val stateText = "${poolState()} accepted=${taskAccepted.get()} closed=${closed.get()}"
+            if (isExpectedControlFailure(t, status)) {
+                debug(
+                    "BrowserDialer: control socket closed socketId=$socketId url=$controlUrl status=$status cause=${t.javaClass.simpleName} $stateText"
+                )
+                debug(
+                    "BrowserDialer: control socket failure detail socketId=$socketId url=$controlUrl status=$status $stateText",
+                    t
+                )
+            } else {
+                debug(
+                    "BrowserDialer: control socket failure socketId=$socketId url=$controlUrl status=$status $stateText",
+                    t
+                )
+            }
+            cleanup(webSocket)
+        }
+
+        private fun isExpectedControlFailure(t: Throwable, status: String): Boolean {
+            if (!running.get() || closed.get()) return true
+            if (status != "no-http-response") return false
+            if (t is EOFException) return true
+            if (t is SocketException) {
+                val message = t.message.orEmpty().lowercase()
+                if ("socket closed" in message || "software caused connection abort" in message) {
+                    return true
+                }
+            }
+            val message = t.message.orEmpty().lowercase()
+            return "canceled" in message || "cancelled" in message
+        }
+
+
+        private fun tryOpenNextControlSocket() {
+            scope.launch {
+                if (running.get()) maintainControlSocketPool()
+            }
+        }
+
+        private fun cleanup(webSocket: WebSocket) {
+            if (!closed.compareAndSet(false, true)) return
+            val removed = controlSockets.remove(webSocket)
+            if (!taskAccepted.get()) {
+                controlSocketState.set(CONTROL_SOCKET_IDLE)
+                tryOpenNextControlSocket()
+            }
+            val started = taskStartedAtMs.get()
+            val duration =
+                if (started > 0L) (System.currentTimeMillis() - started).coerceAtLeast(0L) else -1L
+            debug(
+                "BrowserDialer: cleanup socketId=$socketId url=$controlUrl task=$taskKind taskAccepted=${taskAccepted.get()} removed=$removed durationMs=$duration ${poolState()}"
+            )
+            binaryHandler = null
+            textHandler = null
+            timeoutJob?.cancel()
+            timeoutJob = null
+            upstreamCall?.cancel()
+            upstreamCall = null
+            upstreamSocket?.close(1000, "control closed")
+            upstreamSocket = null
+            taskKind = "closed"
+            taskStartedAtMs.set(0L)
+        }
+
+        private fun handleTask(webSocket: WebSocket, task: BrowserDialerTask?) {
+            if (task == null) {
+                failAndClose(webSocket, 1007, "invalid task")
+                return
+            }
+
+            taskStartedAtMs.set(System.currentTimeMillis())
+            taskKind = when {
+                task.method == "WS" -> "ws"
+                task.method == "GET" && task.streamResponse -> "streaming_get"
+                !task.streamResponse -> "unary_${task.method.lowercase()}"
+                else -> "unsupported"
+            }
+
+            when {
+                task.method == "WS" -> handleWsTask(webSocket, task)
+                task.method == "GET" && task.streamResponse -> handleStreamingGetTask(
+                    webSocket,
+                    task
+                )
+
+                !task.streamResponse -> handleUnaryTask(webSocket, task)
+                else -> {
+                    failAndClose(webSocket, 1003, "unsupported task")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private fun handleWsTask(controlSocket: WebSocket, task: BrowserDialerTask) {
+            val localClient = client ?: run {
+                failAndClose(controlSocket, 1011, "client unavailable")
+                return
+            }
+            debug("BrowserDialer: handling WS task socketId=$socketId url=${task.url} protocols=${task.extra.protocols.size}")
+            val requestBuilder = Request.Builder().url(task.url)
+            if (task.extra.protocols.isNotEmpty()) {
+                requestBuilder.header(
+                    "Sec-WebSocket-Protocol",
+                    task.extra.protocols.joinToString(",")
+                )
+            }
+
+            val opened = AtomicBoolean(false)
+            upstreamSocket =
+                localClient.newWebSocket(requestBuilder.build(), object : WebSocketListener() {
+                    override fun onOpen(webSocket: WebSocket, response: Response) {
+                        opened.set(true)
+                        try {
+                            controlSocket.send("ok")
+                        } catch (e: Exception) {
+                            debug(
+                                "BrowserDialer: failed to send ok for WS task",
+                                e
+                            )
+                            webSocket.close(1000, "control failed")
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, text: String) {
+                        try {
+                            controlSocket.send(text)
+                        } catch (e: Exception) {
+                            debug(
+                                "BrowserDialer: control socket closed during WS message transfer socketId=$socketId",
+                                e
+                            )
+                            webSocket.close(1000, "control closed")
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    override fun onMessage(webSocket: WebSocket, bytes: ByteString) {
+                        try {
+                            controlSocket.send(bytes)
+                        } catch (e: Exception) {
+                            debug(
+                                "BrowserDialer: control socket closed during WS binary transfer socketId=$socketId",
+                                e
+                            )
+                            webSocket.close(1000, "control closed")
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    override fun onClosed(webSocket: WebSocket, code: Int, reason: String) {
+                        try {
+                            controlSocket.close(1000, "upstream closed")
+                        } catch (_: Exception) {
+                            debug("BrowserDialer: control socket already closed")
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    override fun onFailure(
+                        webSocket: WebSocket,
+                        t: Throwable,
+                        response: Response?
+                    ) {
+                        if (!opened.get()) {
+                            try {
+                                controlSocket.send("fail")
+                            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                                debug(
+                                    "BrowserDialer: control socket send failed socketId=$socketId",
+                                    e
+                                )
+                            }
+                        }
+                        try {
+                            controlSocket.close(1011, "upstream failure")
+                        } catch (_: Exception) {
+                            debug(
+                                "BrowserDialer: control socket already closed socketId=$socketId"
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
+                })
+
+            textHandler = { message ->
+                try {
+                    upstreamSocket?.send(message)
+                } catch (e: Exception) {
+                    debug(
+                        "BrowserDialer: upstream socket send failed socketId=$socketId",
+                        e
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+            binaryHandler = { data ->
+                try {
+                    upstreamSocket?.send(data.toByteString())
+                } catch (e: Exception) {
+                    debug(
+                        "BrowserDialer: upstream socket binary send failed socketId=$socketId",
+                        e
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private fun handleStreamingGetTask(controlSocket: WebSocket, task: BrowserDialerTask) {
+            val localClient = client ?: run {
+                failAndClose(controlSocket, 1011, "client unavailable")
+                return
+            }
+            debug("BrowserDialer: handling streaming GET task socketId=$socketId url=${task.url}")
+            val request = buildRequest(task, null)
+
+            try {
+                controlSocket.send("ok")
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                debug(
+                    "BrowserDialer: failed to send ok for streaming GET socketId=$socketId",
+                    e
+                )
+                return
+            }
+
+            scope.launch {
+                val call = localClient.newCall(request)
+                upstreamCall = call
+                try {
+                    call.execute().use { response ->
+                        val source = response.body.source()
+                        val buffer = Buffer()
+                        while (running.get() && !closed.get()) {
+                            try {
+                                val read = source.read(buffer, DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE.toLong())
+                                if (read < 0) break
+
+                                // Send data, catch exception if WebSocket is closed
+                                try {
+                                    controlSocket.send(buffer.readByteString())
+                                } catch (e: Exception) {
+                                    debug(
+                                        "BrowserDialer: WebSocket send failed during streaming, stopping stream socketId=$socketId",
+                                        e
+                                    )
+                                    break
+                                }
+                            } catch (_: Exception) {
+                                // Error reading from source, stop streaming
+                                break
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                } catch (e: Exception) {
+                    debug(
+                        "BrowserDialer: streaming GET failed socketId=$socketId",
+                        e
+                    )
+                    try {
+                        controlSocket.send("fail")
+                    } catch (_: Exception) {
+                        // WebSocket may already be closed
+                    }
+                } finally {
+                    upstreamCall = null
+                    try {
+                        controlSocket.close(1000, "streaming done")
+                    } catch (_: Exception) {
+                        debug(
+                            "BrowserDialer: WebSocket already closed socketId=$socketId"
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private fun handleUnaryTask(controlSocket: WebSocket, task: BrowserDialerTask) {
+            val localClient = client ?: run {
+                failAndClose(controlSocket, 1011, "client unavailable")
+                return
+            }
+            debug("BrowserDialer: handling unary task socketId=$socketId method=${task.method} url=${task.url}")
+
+            try {
+                controlSocket.send("ok")
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                debug(
+                    "BrowserDialer: failed to send ok for unary task socketId=$socketId",
+                    e
+                )
+                return
+            }
+
+            val done = AtomicBoolean(false)
+
+            timeoutJob = scope.launch {
+                delay(UNARY_BODY_WAIT_TIMEOUT_MS)
+                if (done.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                    binaryHandler = null
+                    textHandler = null
+                    debug("BrowserDialer: unary task timed out waiting for payload socketId=$socketId method=${task.method} url=${task.url}")
+                    failAndClose(controlSocket, 1000, "unary payload timeout")
+                }
+            }
+
+            val executeRequest: (ByteArray?) -> Unit = { payload ->
+                if (done.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                    timeoutJob?.cancel()
+                    timeoutJob = null
+                    binaryHandler = null
+                    textHandler = null
+                    scope.launch {
+                        val request = buildRequest(task, payload)
+                        val call = localClient.newCall(request)
+                        upstreamCall = call
+                        try {
+                            call.execute().use { response ->
+                                try {
+                                    controlSocket.send(if (response.isSuccessful) "ok" else "fail")
+                                } catch (e: Exception) {
+                                    debug(
+                                        "BrowserDialer: WebSocket send failed for unary response socketId=$socketId",
+                                        e
+                                    )
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } catch (e: Exception) {
+                            debug(
+                                "BrowserDialer: unary request failed socketId=$socketId",
+                                e
+                            )
+                            try {
+                                controlSocket.send("fail")
+                            } catch (_: Exception) {
+                                // WebSocket may already be closed
+                            }
+                        } finally {
+                            upstreamCall = null
+                            try {
+                                controlSocket.close(1000, "request done")
+                            } catch (_: Exception) {
+                                debug(
+                                    "BrowserDialer: WebSocket already closed socketId=$socketId"
+                                )
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            binaryHandler = { body -> executeRequest(body.takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }) }
+            textHandler = { body -> executeRequest(body.toByteArray().takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }) }
+        }
+
+        private fun buildRequest(task: BrowserDialerTask, payload: ByteArray?): Request {
+            val requestBuilder = Request.Builder().url(task.url)
+            // task.extra.headers.forEach { (key, value) -> requestBuilder.header(key, value) }
+            // Just set no cache headers
+            requestBuilder.header("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate")
+            task.extra.referrer?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+                ?.let { requestBuilder.header("Referer", it) }
+            val taskHeaders = task.extra.headers.filterKeys { key ->
+                val lowerKey = key.lowercase()
+                !HEADERS_BLACKLIST.any { blackKey -> blackKey.equals(lowerKey, ignoreCase = true) }
+            }
+            taskHeaders.forEach { (key, value) -> requestBuilder.header(key, value) }
+
+            val method = task.method.uppercase()
+            val methodAllowsBody = method !in METHODS_WITHOUT_BODY
+            val body = when {
+                methodAllowsBody && payload != null && payload.isNotEmpty() -> payload.toRequestBody(null)
+                methodAllowsBody -> ByteArray(0).toRequestBody(null)
+                else -> null
+            }
+            requestBuilder.method(method, body)
+            return requestBuilder.build()
+        }
+
+        private fun failAndClose(socket: WebSocket, code: Int, reason: String) {
+            try {
+                socket.send("fail")
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                debug("BrowserDialer: failed to send fail message", e)
+            }
+            try {
+                socket.close(code, reason)
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                debug("BrowserDialer: failed to close socket", e)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private data class BrowserDialerTask(
+        val method: String,
+        val url: String,
+        val streamResponse: Boolean,
+        val extra: Extra
+    ) {
+        data class Extra(
+            val headers: Map<String, String> = emptyMap(),
+            // val cookies: Map<String, String> = emptyMap(),
+            val protocols: List<String> = emptyList(),
+            val referrer: String? = null
+        )
+
+        companion object {
+            fun parse(payload: String): BrowserDialerTask? {
+                return runCatching {
+                    val root = JSONObject(payload)
+                    val method = root.optString("method")
+                    val url = root.optString("url")
+                    if (method.isBlank() || url.isBlank()) return null
+
+                    val streamResponse = root.optBoolean("streamResponse", false)
+                    val extraObject = root.optJSONObject("extra")
+                    val headers = extraObject.optStringMap("headers")
+                    // val cookies = extraObject.optStringMap("cookies")
+                    val referrer = extraObject?.optString("referrer")?.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }
+                    val protocols = extraObject.optProtocols()
+
+                    BrowserDialerTask(
+                        method = method,
+                        url = url,
+                        streamResponse = streamResponse,
+                        extra = Extra(
+                            headers = headers,
+                            // cookies = cookies,
+                            protocols = protocols,
+                            referrer = referrer
+                        )
+                    )
+                }.getOrNull()
+            }
+
+            private fun JSONObject?.optStringMap(name: String): Map<String, String> {
+                val child = this?.optJSONObject(name) ?: return emptyMap()
+                val map = LinkedHashMap<String, String>()
+                val iter = child.keys()
+                while (iter.hasNext()) {
+                    val key = iter.next()
+                    map[key] = child.optString(key)
+                }
+                return map
+            }
+
+            private fun JSONObject?.optProtocols(): List<String> {
+                val raw = this?.opt("protocol") ?: return emptyList()
+                return when (raw) {
+                    is String -> raw.takeIf { it.isNotBlank() }?.let { listOf(it) } ?: emptyList()
+                    is JSONArray -> buildList {
+                        for (i in 0 until raw.length()) {
+                            val item = raw.optString(i)
+                            if (item.isNotBlank()) {
+                                add(item)
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    else -> emptyList()
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}